He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
Inhoudsopgave
1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 EXAM INFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 NETWORK DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................... 6
2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW & PROJECT LIFE CYCLE ...................................................... 7
2.1 CAREERS USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT SKILLS ................................................................................. 7
2.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 7
2.2.1 PROJECT ATTRIBUTES ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 THE PROCESS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE .................................................................................................. 11
2.3 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE (PHASES) ...................................................................................................... 14
2.4 FRAMEWORK FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT..................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OVERVIEW .................................................................................. 15
2.4.2 SCRUM DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 17
2.4.3 THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE ............................................................................................... 18
2.5 CULTURE AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 18
2.5.1 PROJECT MANAGER’S CHECKLIST ...................................................................................................... 18
2.5.2 PROJECT TEAM CHALLENGES ........................................................................................................... 19
2.5.3 DEALING WITH CONFLICT................................................................................................................ 19
3 PROJECT INITIATION & PLANNING (FROM SCOPE TO BUDGET)................................................ 19
3.1 INITIATION PHASE (PHASE 1) ....................................................................................................... 19
3.1.1 CLEAR OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 THE PROJECT CHARTER............................................................................................................... 20
3.3 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT PLANNING (PHASE 2).................................................................................. 24
3.4 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................ 25
3.5 SCOPE INPUTS.......................................................................................................................... 26
3.6 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS) ....................................................................................... 27
3.7 SCOPE STATEMENT ................................................................................................................... 29
3.8 PROJECT SCHEDULE PLANNING..................................................................................................... 29
3.8.1 DEFINING ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.8.2 ACTIVITY LIST ............................................................................................................................... 30
3.8.3 MILESTONES ................................................................................................................................ 32
3.8.4 CREATING THE NETWORK DIAGRAM ................................................................................................. 32
3.8.5 THE CRITICAL PATH ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.8.6 CREATING THE GANTT CHART .......................................................................................................... 33
3.9 RESOURCE PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 33
3.9.1 ESTIMATING THE RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 33
3.9.2 ESTIMATING ACTIVITY DURATIONS ................................................................................................... 34
3.9.3 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 35
3.10 HR PLANNING........................................................................................................................ 35
3.11 BUDGET PLANNING ................................................................................................................. 35
1
,He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
3.11.1 ESTIMATING COST ....................................................................................................................... 36
3.11.2 MANAGING THE BUDGET.............................................................................................................. 36
3.11.3 ESTABLISHING A BUDGET .............................................................................................................. 37
4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE....................................................................................... 37
4.1 WHAT IS PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE? ................................................................................ 37
4.1.1 COMMON FEATURES ..................................................................................................................... 38
4.1.2 WHAT TYPE OF BUYER ARE YOU? ..................................................................................................... 39
4.1.3 MARKET TRENDS TO UNDERSTAND ................................................................................................... 39
4.2 (FREE) PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE TOOLS ............................................................................ 40
4.2.1 BASECAMP .................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.2 BITRIX24 ..................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.3 CLICKUP...................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.4 CONFLUENCE / JIRA....................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.5 EASY PROJECT .............................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.6 FREEDCAMP ................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.7 LUCIDCHART ................................................................................................................................ 40
4.2.8 OPENPROJECT .............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.9 PAYMO ....................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.10 SMARTSHEET ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.11 TEAMWORK PROJECTS ................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.12 TRELLO ..................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.13 WRIKE ...................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.14 WORKFRONT ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.15 WORKOTTER .............................................................................................................................. 41
5 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT & RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................ 42
5.1 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................................................................ 42
5.1.2 POLITICS OF PROJECTS ................................................................................................................... 45
5.1.3 CULTURE OF STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................... 45
5.1.4 MANAGING STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................ 45
5.1.5 TOOLS TO HELP STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 46
5.1.6 LOOKING FOR STAKEHOLDERS? ........................................................................................................ 47
5.2 RISK MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 47
5.2.1 RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS .......................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 PROJECT RISK BY PHASES ................................................................................................................ 50
5.3 FREE RISK ANALYSIS TOOL ........................................................................................................... 51
6 FROM WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TO GANTT CHART ..................................................... 52
6.1 THE WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE IN DETAIL .............................................................................. 52
6.2 CREATING A WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 56
6.2.1 WBS RULE 1: BASE IT ON THE DELIVERABLES ..................................................................................... 56
6.2.2 WBS RULE 2: FOLLOW THE 100% RULE ........................................................................................... 57
6.3 PROJECT SCHEDULING RULES ....................................................................................................... 58
6.3.1 SCHEDULING METHODOLOGY SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED AND APPROVED ................................................ 58
6.3.2 THE SCHEDULE SHOULD HAVE A COMPLETE SCOPE .............................................................................. 59
2
,He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
6.3.3 LEVEL-OF-EFFORTS SHOULD NOT BE CRITICAL AND SHOULD HAVE NO VARIANCE ....................................... 59
6.3.4 ACTIVITIES SHOULD HAVE UNIQUE NAMES ......................................................................................... 59
6.3.5 ACTIVITY NAMES SHOULD HAVE A VERB............................................................................................. 60
6.3.6 EACH ACTIVITY SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE PREDECESSOR AND ONE SUCCESSOR ..................................... 60
6.3.7 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT BE DANGLING ............................................................................................. 60
6.3.8 MOST RELATIONSHIPS SHOULD BE FS ............................................................................................... 60
6.3.9 SF RELATIONSHIPS SHOULD BE AVOIDED AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE ............................................................. 61
6.3.10 LONG LAGS SHOULD NOT BE USED .................................................................................................. 61
6.3.11 THE NUMBER OF LAGS SHOULD BE THE FEWEST POSSIBLE ................................................................... 61
6.3.12 THE NUMBER OF LEADS SHOULD BE THE FEWEST POSSIBLE.................................................................. 61
6.3.13 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE NEGATIVE FLOATS .............................................................................. 62
6.3.14 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE LONG FLOATS ................................................................................... 62
6.3.15 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT BE SPLIT ................................................................................................... 62
6.3.16 DATE CONSTRAINTS SHOULD BE THE FEWEST POSSIBLE ...................................................................... 63
- DATE CONSTRAINTS ARE NOT DYNAMIC; RELATIONSHIPS ARE, AS SAID BEFORE ................................................... 63
- ALWAYS CHECK THE REASON BEHIND A FIXED DATE AND THEN TRY TO AVOID IT .................................................. 63
6.3.17 DATE CONSTRAINTS HAD BETTER BE IMPLEMENTED THROUGH MILESTONES ........................................... 63
6.3.18 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE LONG DURATIONS.............................................................................. 63
6.3.19 DURATION UNITS HAD BETTER BE THE SAME .................................................................................... 63
7 STORYTELLING WITH DATA ..................................................................................................... 64
7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 64
7.2 UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT........................................................................................................ 64
7.2.1 WHO? ........................................................................................................................................ 64
7.2.2 WHAT? ....................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.3 HOW? ........................................................................................................................................ 65
7.3 CHOOSE AN APPROPRIATE VISUAL DISPLAY ..................................................................................... 65
7.3.1 SIMPLE TEXT ................................................................................................................................ 66
7.3.2 TABLE ......................................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.3 HEATMAP .................................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.4 SCATTERPLOT ............................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.5 LINE ........................................................................................................................................... 67
7.3.6 SLOPEGRAPH................................................................................................................................ 67
7.3.7 VERTICAL BAR .............................................................................................................................. 67
7.3.8 STACKED VERTICAL BAR .................................................................................................................. 67
7.3.9 WATERFALL ................................................................................................................................. 68
7.3.10 HORIZONTAL BAR........................................................................................................................ 68
7.3.11 STACKED HORIZONTAL BAR ........................................................................................................... 68
7.3.12 SQUARE AREA ............................................................................................................................ 69
7.3.13 TO BE AVOIDED .......................................................................................................................... 69
7.4 ELIMINATE CLUTTER (= ROMMEL VERWIJDEREN).............................................................................. 69
7.4.1 GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION ...................................................................................... 69
7.4.2 LACK OF VISUAL ORDER .................................................................................................................. 71
7.4.3 NON-STRATEGIC USE OF CONTRAST .................................................................................................. 71
7.4.4 DECLUTTERING: STEP-BY-STEP ......................................................................................................... 72
7.5 FOCUS ATTENTION WHERE YOU WANT IT ....................................................................................... 73
7.5.1 PREATTENTIVE ATTRIBUTES IN TEXT .................................................................................................. 74
7.5.2 PREATTENTIVE ATTRIBUTES IN GRAPHS.............................................................................................. 74
7.5.3 SIZE ............................................................................................................................................ 75
7.5.4 COLOR ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3
, He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
7.5.5 POSITION ON PAGE ....................................................................................................................... 75
7.6 THINK LIKE A DESIGNER .............................................................................................................. 75
7.6.1 AFFORDANCES (= MOGELIJKHEDEN) ................................................................................................. 76
7.6.2 ACCESSIBILITY .............................................................................................................................. 76
7.6.3 AESTHETICS ................................................................................................................................. 76
8 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ................................................................ 77
8.1 BUSINESS PROCESSES ................................................................................................................ 77
8.1.1 BUSINESS FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................... 77
8.1.2 BUSINESS PROCESSES..................................................................................................................... 78
8.2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................ 78
8.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................... 79
BASIC SYMBOLS OF A DFD .................................................................................................................. 80
8.4 DFD: STEP BY STEP ................................................................................................................... 82
8.4.1 STEP 1: POINT OUT THE ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................... 82
8.4.2 STEP 2: POINT OUT THE DATA COLLECTIONS ....................................................................................... 83
8.4.3 STEP 3: DEFINE THE SOURCES/ DESTINATIONS AND DATA STREAMS ........................................................ 84
8.4.4 STEP 4: DEFINE THE DATA STREAMS BETWEEN ACTIVITIES ..................................................................... 84
8.4.5 EXTRA GAME RULES ....................................................................................................................... 85
8.5 IN GENERAL ............................................................................................................................. 85
8.6 INFORMATION AS A BINDING AGENT ............................................................................................. 85
INFORMATION PROVISION ................................................................................................................... 87
DIFFERENT KINDS OF INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 87
8.7 THE COMPONENTS MODEL.......................................................................................................... 88
8.8 QUALITY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................ 90
8.9 FOCUS ................................................................................................................................... 92
MANAGING A BUSINESS PROCESS.......................................................................................................... 93
8.10 MANAGEMENT LOOP .............................................................................................................. 95
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS................................................................................................................. 95
8.11 THE BALANCED SCORECARD ...................................................................................................... 96
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS................................................................................................................. 97
8.12 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 97
FEATURES OF INFORMATION PER MANAGEMENT LEVEL (KENMERKEN) ........................................................... 98
STANDARD MANAGEMENT INFORMATION............................................................................................... 98
8.13 ASPECTS OF DATA ................................................................................................................... 99
8.14 THE DATASET ....................................................................................................................... 100
8.15 THE DATABASE: A COLLECTION OF DATESETS ............................................................................... 100
9 CHANGE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................... 102
9.1 WHAT IS CHANGE MANAGEMENT? ............................................................................................ 102
9.2 WHY DOES CHANGE MANAGEMENT FAIL? ................................................................................... 103
9.3 THE EIGHT-STAGE PROCESS, ACCORDING TO KOTTER ..................................................................... 106
• ESTABLISHING A SENSE OF URGENCY .................................................................................... 106
• INCREASE THE SENSE OF URGENCY! ...................................................................................... 106
4
Inhoudsopgave
1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 EXAM INFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 NETWORK DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................... 6
2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW & PROJECT LIFE CYCLE ...................................................... 7
2.1 CAREERS USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT SKILLS ................................................................................. 7
2.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 7
2.2.1 PROJECT ATTRIBUTES ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 THE PROCESS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE .................................................................................................. 11
2.3 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE (PHASES) ...................................................................................................... 14
2.4 FRAMEWORK FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT..................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OVERVIEW .................................................................................. 15
2.4.2 SCRUM DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 17
2.4.3 THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE ............................................................................................... 18
2.5 CULTURE AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 18
2.5.1 PROJECT MANAGER’S CHECKLIST ...................................................................................................... 18
2.5.2 PROJECT TEAM CHALLENGES ........................................................................................................... 19
2.5.3 DEALING WITH CONFLICT................................................................................................................ 19
3 PROJECT INITIATION & PLANNING (FROM SCOPE TO BUDGET)................................................ 19
3.1 INITIATION PHASE (PHASE 1) ....................................................................................................... 19
3.1.1 CLEAR OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 THE PROJECT CHARTER............................................................................................................... 20
3.3 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT PLANNING (PHASE 2).................................................................................. 24
3.4 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................ 25
3.5 SCOPE INPUTS.......................................................................................................................... 26
3.6 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS) ....................................................................................... 27
3.7 SCOPE STATEMENT ................................................................................................................... 29
3.8 PROJECT SCHEDULE PLANNING..................................................................................................... 29
3.8.1 DEFINING ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.8.2 ACTIVITY LIST ............................................................................................................................... 30
3.8.3 MILESTONES ................................................................................................................................ 32
3.8.4 CREATING THE NETWORK DIAGRAM ................................................................................................. 32
3.8.5 THE CRITICAL PATH ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.8.6 CREATING THE GANTT CHART .......................................................................................................... 33
3.9 RESOURCE PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 33
3.9.1 ESTIMATING THE RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 33
3.9.2 ESTIMATING ACTIVITY DURATIONS ................................................................................................... 34
3.9.3 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 35
3.10 HR PLANNING........................................................................................................................ 35
3.11 BUDGET PLANNING ................................................................................................................. 35
1
,He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
3.11.1 ESTIMATING COST ....................................................................................................................... 36
3.11.2 MANAGING THE BUDGET.............................................................................................................. 36
3.11.3 ESTABLISHING A BUDGET .............................................................................................................. 37
4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE....................................................................................... 37
4.1 WHAT IS PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE? ................................................................................ 37
4.1.1 COMMON FEATURES ..................................................................................................................... 38
4.1.2 WHAT TYPE OF BUYER ARE YOU? ..................................................................................................... 39
4.1.3 MARKET TRENDS TO UNDERSTAND ................................................................................................... 39
4.2 (FREE) PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE TOOLS ............................................................................ 40
4.2.1 BASECAMP .................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.2 BITRIX24 ..................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.3 CLICKUP...................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.4 CONFLUENCE / JIRA....................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.5 EASY PROJECT .............................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.6 FREEDCAMP ................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.7 LUCIDCHART ................................................................................................................................ 40
4.2.8 OPENPROJECT .............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.9 PAYMO ....................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.10 SMARTSHEET ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.11 TEAMWORK PROJECTS ................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.12 TRELLO ..................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.13 WRIKE ...................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.14 WORKFRONT ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.15 WORKOTTER .............................................................................................................................. 41
5 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT & RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................ 42
5.1 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................................................................ 42
5.1.2 POLITICS OF PROJECTS ................................................................................................................... 45
5.1.3 CULTURE OF STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................... 45
5.1.4 MANAGING STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................ 45
5.1.5 TOOLS TO HELP STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 46
5.1.6 LOOKING FOR STAKEHOLDERS? ........................................................................................................ 47
5.2 RISK MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 47
5.2.1 RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS .......................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 PROJECT RISK BY PHASES ................................................................................................................ 50
5.3 FREE RISK ANALYSIS TOOL ........................................................................................................... 51
6 FROM WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TO GANTT CHART ..................................................... 52
6.1 THE WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE IN DETAIL .............................................................................. 52
6.2 CREATING A WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 56
6.2.1 WBS RULE 1: BASE IT ON THE DELIVERABLES ..................................................................................... 56
6.2.2 WBS RULE 2: FOLLOW THE 100% RULE ........................................................................................... 57
6.3 PROJECT SCHEDULING RULES ....................................................................................................... 58
6.3.1 SCHEDULING METHODOLOGY SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED AND APPROVED ................................................ 58
6.3.2 THE SCHEDULE SHOULD HAVE A COMPLETE SCOPE .............................................................................. 59
2
,He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
6.3.3 LEVEL-OF-EFFORTS SHOULD NOT BE CRITICAL AND SHOULD HAVE NO VARIANCE ....................................... 59
6.3.4 ACTIVITIES SHOULD HAVE UNIQUE NAMES ......................................................................................... 59
6.3.5 ACTIVITY NAMES SHOULD HAVE A VERB............................................................................................. 60
6.3.6 EACH ACTIVITY SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE PREDECESSOR AND ONE SUCCESSOR ..................................... 60
6.3.7 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT BE DANGLING ............................................................................................. 60
6.3.8 MOST RELATIONSHIPS SHOULD BE FS ............................................................................................... 60
6.3.9 SF RELATIONSHIPS SHOULD BE AVOIDED AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE ............................................................. 61
6.3.10 LONG LAGS SHOULD NOT BE USED .................................................................................................. 61
6.3.11 THE NUMBER OF LAGS SHOULD BE THE FEWEST POSSIBLE ................................................................... 61
6.3.12 THE NUMBER OF LEADS SHOULD BE THE FEWEST POSSIBLE.................................................................. 61
6.3.13 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE NEGATIVE FLOATS .............................................................................. 62
6.3.14 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE LONG FLOATS ................................................................................... 62
6.3.15 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT BE SPLIT ................................................................................................... 62
6.3.16 DATE CONSTRAINTS SHOULD BE THE FEWEST POSSIBLE ...................................................................... 63
- DATE CONSTRAINTS ARE NOT DYNAMIC; RELATIONSHIPS ARE, AS SAID BEFORE ................................................... 63
- ALWAYS CHECK THE REASON BEHIND A FIXED DATE AND THEN TRY TO AVOID IT .................................................. 63
6.3.17 DATE CONSTRAINTS HAD BETTER BE IMPLEMENTED THROUGH MILESTONES ........................................... 63
6.3.18 ACTIVITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE LONG DURATIONS.............................................................................. 63
6.3.19 DURATION UNITS HAD BETTER BE THE SAME .................................................................................... 63
7 STORYTELLING WITH DATA ..................................................................................................... 64
7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 64
7.2 UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT........................................................................................................ 64
7.2.1 WHO? ........................................................................................................................................ 64
7.2.2 WHAT? ....................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.3 HOW? ........................................................................................................................................ 65
7.3 CHOOSE AN APPROPRIATE VISUAL DISPLAY ..................................................................................... 65
7.3.1 SIMPLE TEXT ................................................................................................................................ 66
7.3.2 TABLE ......................................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.3 HEATMAP .................................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.4 SCATTERPLOT ............................................................................................................................... 66
7.3.5 LINE ........................................................................................................................................... 67
7.3.6 SLOPEGRAPH................................................................................................................................ 67
7.3.7 VERTICAL BAR .............................................................................................................................. 67
7.3.8 STACKED VERTICAL BAR .................................................................................................................. 67
7.3.9 WATERFALL ................................................................................................................................. 68
7.3.10 HORIZONTAL BAR........................................................................................................................ 68
7.3.11 STACKED HORIZONTAL BAR ........................................................................................................... 68
7.3.12 SQUARE AREA ............................................................................................................................ 69
7.3.13 TO BE AVOIDED .......................................................................................................................... 69
7.4 ELIMINATE CLUTTER (= ROMMEL VERWIJDEREN).............................................................................. 69
7.4.1 GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION ...................................................................................... 69
7.4.2 LACK OF VISUAL ORDER .................................................................................................................. 71
7.4.3 NON-STRATEGIC USE OF CONTRAST .................................................................................................. 71
7.4.4 DECLUTTERING: STEP-BY-STEP ......................................................................................................... 72
7.5 FOCUS ATTENTION WHERE YOU WANT IT ....................................................................................... 73
7.5.1 PREATTENTIVE ATTRIBUTES IN TEXT .................................................................................................. 74
7.5.2 PREATTENTIVE ATTRIBUTES IN GRAPHS.............................................................................................. 74
7.5.3 SIZE ............................................................................................................................................ 75
7.5.4 COLOR ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3
, He does not ask definitions!!! - Kijk op canvas voor extra info, lees goed door
7.5.5 POSITION ON PAGE ....................................................................................................................... 75
7.6 THINK LIKE A DESIGNER .............................................................................................................. 75
7.6.1 AFFORDANCES (= MOGELIJKHEDEN) ................................................................................................. 76
7.6.2 ACCESSIBILITY .............................................................................................................................. 76
7.6.3 AESTHETICS ................................................................................................................................. 76
8 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ................................................................ 77
8.1 BUSINESS PROCESSES ................................................................................................................ 77
8.1.1 BUSINESS FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................... 77
8.1.2 BUSINESS PROCESSES..................................................................................................................... 78
8.2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................ 78
8.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................... 79
BASIC SYMBOLS OF A DFD .................................................................................................................. 80
8.4 DFD: STEP BY STEP ................................................................................................................... 82
8.4.1 STEP 1: POINT OUT THE ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................... 82
8.4.2 STEP 2: POINT OUT THE DATA COLLECTIONS ....................................................................................... 83
8.4.3 STEP 3: DEFINE THE SOURCES/ DESTINATIONS AND DATA STREAMS ........................................................ 84
8.4.4 STEP 4: DEFINE THE DATA STREAMS BETWEEN ACTIVITIES ..................................................................... 84
8.4.5 EXTRA GAME RULES ....................................................................................................................... 85
8.5 IN GENERAL ............................................................................................................................. 85
8.6 INFORMATION AS A BINDING AGENT ............................................................................................. 85
INFORMATION PROVISION ................................................................................................................... 87
DIFFERENT KINDS OF INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 87
8.7 THE COMPONENTS MODEL.......................................................................................................... 88
8.8 QUALITY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................ 90
8.9 FOCUS ................................................................................................................................... 92
MANAGING A BUSINESS PROCESS.......................................................................................................... 93
8.10 MANAGEMENT LOOP .............................................................................................................. 95
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS................................................................................................................. 95
8.11 THE BALANCED SCORECARD ...................................................................................................... 96
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS................................................................................................................. 97
8.12 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 97
FEATURES OF INFORMATION PER MANAGEMENT LEVEL (KENMERKEN) ........................................................... 98
STANDARD MANAGEMENT INFORMATION............................................................................................... 98
8.13 ASPECTS OF DATA ................................................................................................................... 99
8.14 THE DATASET ....................................................................................................................... 100
8.15 THE DATABASE: A COLLECTION OF DATESETS ............................................................................... 100
9 CHANGE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................... 102
9.1 WHAT IS CHANGE MANAGEMENT? ............................................................................................ 102
9.2 WHY DOES CHANGE MANAGEMENT FAIL? ................................................................................... 103
9.3 THE EIGHT-STAGE PROCESS, ACCORDING TO KOTTER ..................................................................... 106
• ESTABLISHING A SENSE OF URGENCY .................................................................................... 106
• INCREASE THE SENSE OF URGENCY! ...................................................................................... 106
4
