NURS 115 Test 2 - liberty university
Questions and All Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation? - Answer Calor, Rubor, Tumor, Dolor, and
Functio Laeso (Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of Function)
What are the two components of the acute phase of inflammation? - Answer Vascular -
immediate contradiction followed by vasodilation - also release of chemical mediators
Cellular - movement of phagocytic WBC into the injured area
What is the first stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Margination - White blood cells
move to edges and start pavementing
What is the second stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Emigration - White blood cells
move into tissue and out of blood vessel
What is the third stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Chemotasis - chemical messengers,
released by damaged cells at the wound call WBC's chemically to the site of the wound
What is the fourth stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Phagocytosis - WBC engulf
infectious agents and together with RBC's and tissue debris form exudate
What are the stages of phagocytosis - Answer Opsonization and adherence
Engulfment
Intracellular killing
What signs might someone show if they have an infection - Answer Increased WBC count
Increased ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Systemic issues - fever, nausea, global pain
Fever
Increase in C reactive proteins released form the liver
Lethargy
Why does your body use fever as a mechanism of defense? - Answer Increasing temperature
alters the optimum temperature for bacteria and slows infection
,Histamine is a potent ______ - Answer Vasodilator
What type of inflammatory mediators does you body have? - Answer Histamine
Plasma proteases - kinins, compliment
Prostaglandins - associated with inflammatory process
Leukotrienes
Platelet activating factor
What types of exudates are there? - Answer Serous exudates - clear
Serosanguinis exudates - clearish red
Hemorrhagic exudates - Red
Membranous or pseudomembrane exudates
Purulent or supportive exudates - contians pus
Fibrinous exudates - scab
What do serous exudates contain? - Answer Watery fluids low in protein count
Result from plasma entering inflammatory site
Why would you have hemorrhagic exudates? - Answer Hemorrhagic exudates occur when
there is severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant
leakage of red blood cells from the capillaries
Where would you have membranous exudates and what is in them? - Answer Develop on
mucous membrane surfaces
Coat lining of gut
Are composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibropurulent exudate
What do purulent exudates contain? - Answer Contains pus - composed of degraded white
blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris
What do fibrinous exudates contain? - Answer Contain large amounts of fibrinogen and form
a thick and sticky meshwork
Stages of wound healing - Answer Inflammatory stage - initial
Proliferative stage - cells begin to fill hole
Maturation or Remodeling stage
,What type of wound is is a first intention wound? - Answer Wound has been intentionally
brought together
What is secondary intention wound healing? - Answer Wound opens up (dehiscence) -
healing has already begun and we can't sew it back up again
Heals from bottom to top
Can also refer to wounds that we are unable to sew back up
What is tertiary intention wound healing? - Answer Too heavily contaminated to be closed
by primary closure, but after 4-5 days inflammation eliminates the bacteria, allowing it to be
closed by primary closure
What factors regulate the healing process? - Answer Nutrition
Action of chemical mediators and growth factors
Interaction between the extracellular and cell matrix
Causes of impaired wound healing - Answer Infection
Wound separation
Foreign bodies
Malnutrition
Impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery
Impaired inflammatory and immune responses
Steps in the chain of infection - Answer Etiologic agent --> Reservoir --> Portal of exit -->
method of transmission --> portal of entry to host --> Susceptibility of host --> Etiologic agent
How might a microorganism find entry to the body? - Answer Penetration - cut
Direct contact - blood contact
Ingestion
Inhalation
What are the two types of sources of infection? - Answer Endogenous (a microorganism
from inside you infects you)
Exogenous (a microorganism form outside affects you)
What are the agents of infection - Answer Virus
, Bacteria
Spirochete
Mycoplasma
Fungi
Parasite
What are the lines of defense - Answer First line - anatomical and biochemical barriers
Second line - inflammatory response
Third line - immunity
What is the course that infectious diseases generally take? - Answer Incubation period - no
symptoms but highly contagious
Prodromal - some symptoms: nausea, malaise, headache)
Acute phase - most proliferative stage for disease
Convalescent period - starting to get better, rebuilding system
Resolution - free of symptoms
Natural immunity - Answer Nothing to do with immune system
Not produced by immune response
Species dependent (sometimes only certain species can get it
Present at birth
Host dependent
What is active acquired immunity? - Answer Produced by host after either immunization or
natural exposure to antigen (something from outside) body produces antibodies against that
particular antigen
You produce the antibodies
What is passive acquired immunity? - Answer Pre-formed antibodies or T-lymphs are
transferred to recipient
Antibodies given to you
What is the process of distinguishing self from non-self called - Answer Opsonization
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes? - Answer T cells
B cells
Questions and All Actual Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation? - Answer Calor, Rubor, Tumor, Dolor, and
Functio Laeso (Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of Function)
What are the two components of the acute phase of inflammation? - Answer Vascular -
immediate contradiction followed by vasodilation - also release of chemical mediators
Cellular - movement of phagocytic WBC into the injured area
What is the first stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Margination - White blood cells
move to edges and start pavementing
What is the second stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Emigration - White blood cells
move into tissue and out of blood vessel
What is the third stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Chemotasis - chemical messengers,
released by damaged cells at the wound call WBC's chemically to the site of the wound
What is the fourth stage of Leukocyte response? - Answer Phagocytosis - WBC engulf
infectious agents and together with RBC's and tissue debris form exudate
What are the stages of phagocytosis - Answer Opsonization and adherence
Engulfment
Intracellular killing
What signs might someone show if they have an infection - Answer Increased WBC count
Increased ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Systemic issues - fever, nausea, global pain
Fever
Increase in C reactive proteins released form the liver
Lethargy
Why does your body use fever as a mechanism of defense? - Answer Increasing temperature
alters the optimum temperature for bacteria and slows infection
,Histamine is a potent ______ - Answer Vasodilator
What type of inflammatory mediators does you body have? - Answer Histamine
Plasma proteases - kinins, compliment
Prostaglandins - associated with inflammatory process
Leukotrienes
Platelet activating factor
What types of exudates are there? - Answer Serous exudates - clear
Serosanguinis exudates - clearish red
Hemorrhagic exudates - Red
Membranous or pseudomembrane exudates
Purulent or supportive exudates - contians pus
Fibrinous exudates - scab
What do serous exudates contain? - Answer Watery fluids low in protein count
Result from plasma entering inflammatory site
Why would you have hemorrhagic exudates? - Answer Hemorrhagic exudates occur when
there is severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant
leakage of red blood cells from the capillaries
Where would you have membranous exudates and what is in them? - Answer Develop on
mucous membrane surfaces
Coat lining of gut
Are composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibropurulent exudate
What do purulent exudates contain? - Answer Contains pus - composed of degraded white
blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris
What do fibrinous exudates contain? - Answer Contain large amounts of fibrinogen and form
a thick and sticky meshwork
Stages of wound healing - Answer Inflammatory stage - initial
Proliferative stage - cells begin to fill hole
Maturation or Remodeling stage
,What type of wound is is a first intention wound? - Answer Wound has been intentionally
brought together
What is secondary intention wound healing? - Answer Wound opens up (dehiscence) -
healing has already begun and we can't sew it back up again
Heals from bottom to top
Can also refer to wounds that we are unable to sew back up
What is tertiary intention wound healing? - Answer Too heavily contaminated to be closed
by primary closure, but after 4-5 days inflammation eliminates the bacteria, allowing it to be
closed by primary closure
What factors regulate the healing process? - Answer Nutrition
Action of chemical mediators and growth factors
Interaction between the extracellular and cell matrix
Causes of impaired wound healing - Answer Infection
Wound separation
Foreign bodies
Malnutrition
Impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery
Impaired inflammatory and immune responses
Steps in the chain of infection - Answer Etiologic agent --> Reservoir --> Portal of exit -->
method of transmission --> portal of entry to host --> Susceptibility of host --> Etiologic agent
How might a microorganism find entry to the body? - Answer Penetration - cut
Direct contact - blood contact
Ingestion
Inhalation
What are the two types of sources of infection? - Answer Endogenous (a microorganism
from inside you infects you)
Exogenous (a microorganism form outside affects you)
What are the agents of infection - Answer Virus
, Bacteria
Spirochete
Mycoplasma
Fungi
Parasite
What are the lines of defense - Answer First line - anatomical and biochemical barriers
Second line - inflammatory response
Third line - immunity
What is the course that infectious diseases generally take? - Answer Incubation period - no
symptoms but highly contagious
Prodromal - some symptoms: nausea, malaise, headache)
Acute phase - most proliferative stage for disease
Convalescent period - starting to get better, rebuilding system
Resolution - free of symptoms
Natural immunity - Answer Nothing to do with immune system
Not produced by immune response
Species dependent (sometimes only certain species can get it
Present at birth
Host dependent
What is active acquired immunity? - Answer Produced by host after either immunization or
natural exposure to antigen (something from outside) body produces antibodies against that
particular antigen
You produce the antibodies
What is passive acquired immunity? - Answer Pre-formed antibodies or T-lymphs are
transferred to recipient
Antibodies given to you
What is the process of distinguishing self from non-self called - Answer Opsonization
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes? - Answer T cells
B cells
