High-Yield Concepts for NBME CBSE
Exam Preparation
Cell Cycle Phases - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,G1 → S → G2 → M
G1/S Checkpoint - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Controlled by Rb protein
G2/M Checkpoint - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Controlled by p53 protein
p53/p21 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Tumor suppressors
Cyclins/CDKs - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Regulate progression of the cell cycle
Rb phosphorylation - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Promotes cell cycle progression
Bioavailability (F) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
Half-life (t½) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
Volume of Distribution (Vd) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Increases for lipophilic drugs
Clearance (CL) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
,Loading Dose (LD) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,LD = Cp × Vd / F
Maintenance Dose (MD) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
Agonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Bind and activate receptors
Antagonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Block receptors
Competitive Antagonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
Noncompetitive Antagonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Decrease maximum effect of the
agonist
Efficacy - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
Potency - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
Michaelis-Menten Curve - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
Km - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
,Competitive Inhibitors - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
cAMP (Gs) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1,
TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
IP3 (Gq) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1,
FGF
JAK-STAT Pathway - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin,
EPO, G-CSF
CD4⁺ T Cells - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
TH1 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
TH2 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
TH17 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
, Treg - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
CD8⁺ T Cells - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
B Cell Activation - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and IL-
4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
Class Switching - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,The process where B cells change the class of
antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
IL-4 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
IL-5 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Promotes class switching to IgA.
Antibody Types - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Includes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each
with distinct functions.
IgM - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,The first antibody produced; exists as a pentamer.
IgG - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,The most abundant antibody in circulation; can cross the
placenta.
IgA - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Provides mucosal immunity.
Exam Preparation
Cell Cycle Phases - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,G1 → S → G2 → M
G1/S Checkpoint - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Controlled by Rb protein
G2/M Checkpoint - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Controlled by p53 protein
p53/p21 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Tumor suppressors
Cyclins/CDKs - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Regulate progression of the cell cycle
Rb phosphorylation - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Promotes cell cycle progression
Bioavailability (F) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
Half-life (t½) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
Volume of Distribution (Vd) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Increases for lipophilic drugs
Clearance (CL) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
,Loading Dose (LD) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,LD = Cp × Vd / F
Maintenance Dose (MD) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
Agonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Bind and activate receptors
Antagonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Block receptors
Competitive Antagonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
Noncompetitive Antagonists - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Decrease maximum effect of the
agonist
Efficacy - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
Potency - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
Michaelis-Menten Curve - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
Km - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
,Competitive Inhibitors - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
cAMP (Gs) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1,
TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
IP3 (Gq) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1,
FGF
JAK-STAT Pathway - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin,
EPO, G-CSF
CD4⁺ T Cells - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
TH1 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
TH2 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
TH17 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
, Treg - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
CD8⁺ T Cells - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
B Cell Activation - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and IL-
4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
Class Switching - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,The process where B cells change the class of
antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
IL-4 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
IL-5 - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Promotes class switching to IgA.
Antibody Types - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Includes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each
with distinct functions.
IgM - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,The first antibody produced; exists as a pentamer.
IgG - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,The most abundant antibody in circulation; can cross the
placenta.
IgA - ,,,,,,ANSWER,,,,,,,Provides mucosal immunity.
