PFCCS CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ans-
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Rating scale based on behavior, cardiovascular status and respiratory status
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Score determines intervention
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Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ans-R 40-60. HR 100-180
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Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ans-R 35-45. HR 100-180
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ans-R 25-35. HR 70-110
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ans-R 21-23. HR 70-110
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School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ans-R 19-21. HR 70-110
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ans-R 16-18 HR 55-90sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
What position is best for a clinical exam? - ans-
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Position they spontaneously assume for comfort
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A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
A reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
by observing their ability to fixate on objects, particularly a parents face.
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and starting at
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
one month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers and sho
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
w clear recognition of parents and caregivers
sd sd sd sd sd sd
hypopnea - ans-shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces O2 by 30%
sd sdsd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
hyperpnea - ans- sd sdsd
increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from hyperventilating as breaths are deeper
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
instead of just faster sd sd sd
Poiseuille's Law - ans- sd sd sdsd
a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway is inversely related to it's radius to t
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
, he fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by 50% would increase the resistance 16 ti
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mes
Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ans-increased work of breathing.
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this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Grunting is associated with - ans-increased work of breathing.
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exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ans- sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
abnormal "sucking in" of the chest wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
bradypnea is a precursor of - ans-respiratory arrest sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd
respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
where is the best place to auscultate breath sounds after intubation? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
anterior axillary line sd sd
because children have thinner chest walls than adults breath sounds are easily audible but
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
less easily localized and other sounds often interfere with accurate auscultation. anterior a
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
xillary will minimize contralateral breath sound transmission for a more accurate assessme
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
nt
why is cyanosis a poor indicator of hypoxemia in infants and children? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
because children have a lower hgb concentration than adults the blood oxygen content mu
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
st fall to very low level before cyanosis is clinically evident
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
causes of variations in respiratory rate - ans-fever
sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
pain and anxiety sd sd
hypovolemia
respiratory disease sd
metabolic acidosis sd
heart failure sd
adverse drug effect sd sd
hyperviscosity syndromes sd
causes of variations in respiratory rate- bradypnea - ans-hypothermia
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
CNS injury sd
drug induced depression
sd sd
neuromuscular disease sd
severe shock sd
metabolic disorder sd
ANSWERS
PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
Rating scale based on behavior, cardiovascular status and respiratory status
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Score determines intervention
sd sd
Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ans-R 40-60. HR 100-180
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ans-R 35-45. HR 100-180
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ans-R 25-35. HR 70-110
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ans-R 21-23. HR 70-110
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ans-R 19-21. HR 70-110
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ans-R 16-18 HR 55-90sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
What position is best for a clinical exam? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
Position they spontaneously assume for comfort
sd sd sd sd sd
A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
A reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
by observing their ability to fixate on objects, particularly a parents face.
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and starting at
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
one month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers and sho
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
w clear recognition of parents and caregivers
sd sd sd sd sd sd
hypopnea - ans-shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces O2 by 30%
sd sdsd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
hyperpnea - ans- sd sdsd
increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from hyperventilating as breaths are deeper
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
instead of just faster sd sd sd
Poiseuille's Law - ans- sd sd sdsd
a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway is inversely related to it's radius to t
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
, he fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by 50% would increase the resistance 16 ti
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
mes
Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ans-increased work of breathing.
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Grunting is associated with - ans-increased work of breathing.
sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd
exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ans- sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
abnormal "sucking in" of the chest wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
bradypnea is a precursor of - ans-respiratory arrest sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd
respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
where is the best place to auscultate breath sounds after intubation? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
anterior axillary line sd sd
because children have thinner chest walls than adults breath sounds are easily audible but
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
less easily localized and other sounds often interfere with accurate auscultation. anterior a
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
xillary will minimize contralateral breath sound transmission for a more accurate assessme
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
nt
why is cyanosis a poor indicator of hypoxemia in infants and children? - ans-
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
because children have a lower hgb concentration than adults the blood oxygen content mu
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
st fall to very low level before cyanosis is clinically evident
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
causes of variations in respiratory rate - ans-fever
sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
pain and anxiety sd sd
hypovolemia
respiratory disease sd
metabolic acidosis sd
heart failure sd
adverse drug effect sd sd
hyperviscosity syndromes sd
causes of variations in respiratory rate- bradypnea - ans-hypothermia
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd
CNS injury sd
drug induced depression
sd sd
neuromuscular disease sd
severe shock sd
metabolic disorder sd
