NR283 Pathophysiology Essentials Exam 1 Chamberlain
University Latest Update 2026 | Exam Prep | High-Yield Review
Guide
The purpose of a pedigree? - ANSWER✅ A pedigree chart can be used to trace
a genetic trait back through previous generations by checking the occurrence of
the disorder or characteristic in all family members. Such a chart may confirm
the presence of an inherited condition in the family and indicate the type of
inheritance.
Which makes up the higher proportion of body fluid: intracellular fluid or
extracellular fluid? - ANSWER✅ intracellular fluid makes up the higher
proportion of body fluid
How does insulin administration affect serum potassium? - ANSWER✅ Insulin
reduces serum potassium by promoting the movement of potassium into cells.
A person will probably become very dehydrated as ketoacidosis develops. what
hear rate and pulse characteristics would you expect to be present in this
dehydrated condition? - ANSWER✅ The pulse would be weak and thready
because of hypovolemia. When CNS function is decreased, the heart rate is slow
or irregular.
Prolonged strenuous exercise usually leads to an increase in lactic acid. given
,your knowledge of normal circulation, explain why it is helpful to have a cool-down
period with mild exercise rather than total rest immediately after strenuous
exercise. - ANSWER✅ Mild exercise promotes continued circulation to remove
lactic acid from muscle tissue, decrease acidosis, and restore oxygen reserves.
General anesthetics, presence of pain, and narcotic analgesics for pain often lead
to slow, shallow respirations after surgery, circulation is frequently slow, and
oxygen levels are somewhat reduced. predict the effects on partial pressure of
carbon dioxide and now this would affect serum pH. - ANSWER✅ Slow, shallow
respirations lead to increased carbon dioxide in the blood. Reduced oxygen and
sluggish circulation contribute to more anaerobic metabolism and increased
lactic acid levels. Therefore, the serum pH is decreased, and acidosis is common
during and following surgery.
Define homozygous and heterozygous - ANSWER✅ Homozygous—the pair of
alleles or genes at a site that determine a specific trait are identical.
eEplain why teratogens are difficult to identify - ANSWER✅ The effects are not
noted until data are collected at a much later time, and it may be difficult to
identify one teratogen out of many possible factors to which any one person was
exposed. Ethically, experiments cannot be performed to identify suspected
teratogens; therefore, it requires collation of many incident reports over a long
period of time to identify the source.
,Explain why a woman carrying the gene for hemophilia can produce two
hemophiliac sons when she is mated to a normal male - ANSWER✅ The
probability of passing on the gene for hemophilia is the same for each pregnancy,
Depending on the possible combinations of the genes derived from the parents,
regardless of events in prior pregnancies.
Under what conditions does a female acquire an X-linked recessive disorders -
ANSWER✅ Both parents must carry the defective gene for the female child to
be affected. A female child may be a carrier if either parent passes on the
defective gene.
Why are X-linked recessive disorders never passed from a father to son -
ANSWER✅ The father passes his Y chromosome to a son, not the X
chromosome carrying the defective gene.
The pedigree for Queen Victoria of England, a carrier of hemophilia A, shows the
transmission to some of her descendants, including members of many royal
families in Europe, such as Russia and Spain but not Germany. Hemophilia A does
not affect anyone in the present British royal family.
Can you explain why hemophilia A has disappeared from one family and appeared
in others? - ANSWER✅ If an unaffected female child mates with an unaffected
male, hemophilia A will not be carried forward. A female carrier child who mates
with an unaffected male from a different family could produce affected children
, What is the probability that a parent carrying a dominant trait will pass the trait
on to each child - ANSWER✅ The probability that a parent carrying a dominant
trait will pass that trait on is a 50% chance with each pregnancy
How can prenatal diagnosis demonstrate the sex of an unborn child -
ANSWER✅ Chromosome analysis indicates the components of pair 23, XX or XY.
Ultrasound may show the penis.
How does the proportion of fluid in the body change with age? - ANSWER✅ The
proportion of fluid in the body decreases throughout the lifespan
Why does dehydration affect cell function? - ANSWER✅ dehydration affects
cell function because the transport of nutrients into the cell and removal of
wastes from cell are decreased impairing cell metabolism and function
Is the function of sodium ion in the body? - ANSWER✅ Sodium ions help me
teen extracellular fluid (as the major cation exerting osmotic pressure),
contribute to neuromuscular function and play a role an acid-base balance in
metabolic processes
University Latest Update 2026 | Exam Prep | High-Yield Review
Guide
The purpose of a pedigree? - ANSWER✅ A pedigree chart can be used to trace
a genetic trait back through previous generations by checking the occurrence of
the disorder or characteristic in all family members. Such a chart may confirm
the presence of an inherited condition in the family and indicate the type of
inheritance.
Which makes up the higher proportion of body fluid: intracellular fluid or
extracellular fluid? - ANSWER✅ intracellular fluid makes up the higher
proportion of body fluid
How does insulin administration affect serum potassium? - ANSWER✅ Insulin
reduces serum potassium by promoting the movement of potassium into cells.
A person will probably become very dehydrated as ketoacidosis develops. what
hear rate and pulse characteristics would you expect to be present in this
dehydrated condition? - ANSWER✅ The pulse would be weak and thready
because of hypovolemia. When CNS function is decreased, the heart rate is slow
or irregular.
Prolonged strenuous exercise usually leads to an increase in lactic acid. given
,your knowledge of normal circulation, explain why it is helpful to have a cool-down
period with mild exercise rather than total rest immediately after strenuous
exercise. - ANSWER✅ Mild exercise promotes continued circulation to remove
lactic acid from muscle tissue, decrease acidosis, and restore oxygen reserves.
General anesthetics, presence of pain, and narcotic analgesics for pain often lead
to slow, shallow respirations after surgery, circulation is frequently slow, and
oxygen levels are somewhat reduced. predict the effects on partial pressure of
carbon dioxide and now this would affect serum pH. - ANSWER✅ Slow, shallow
respirations lead to increased carbon dioxide in the blood. Reduced oxygen and
sluggish circulation contribute to more anaerobic metabolism and increased
lactic acid levels. Therefore, the serum pH is decreased, and acidosis is common
during and following surgery.
Define homozygous and heterozygous - ANSWER✅ Homozygous—the pair of
alleles or genes at a site that determine a specific trait are identical.
eEplain why teratogens are difficult to identify - ANSWER✅ The effects are not
noted until data are collected at a much later time, and it may be difficult to
identify one teratogen out of many possible factors to which any one person was
exposed. Ethically, experiments cannot be performed to identify suspected
teratogens; therefore, it requires collation of many incident reports over a long
period of time to identify the source.
,Explain why a woman carrying the gene for hemophilia can produce two
hemophiliac sons when she is mated to a normal male - ANSWER✅ The
probability of passing on the gene for hemophilia is the same for each pregnancy,
Depending on the possible combinations of the genes derived from the parents,
regardless of events in prior pregnancies.
Under what conditions does a female acquire an X-linked recessive disorders -
ANSWER✅ Both parents must carry the defective gene for the female child to
be affected. A female child may be a carrier if either parent passes on the
defective gene.
Why are X-linked recessive disorders never passed from a father to son -
ANSWER✅ The father passes his Y chromosome to a son, not the X
chromosome carrying the defective gene.
The pedigree for Queen Victoria of England, a carrier of hemophilia A, shows the
transmission to some of her descendants, including members of many royal
families in Europe, such as Russia and Spain but not Germany. Hemophilia A does
not affect anyone in the present British royal family.
Can you explain why hemophilia A has disappeared from one family and appeared
in others? - ANSWER✅ If an unaffected female child mates with an unaffected
male, hemophilia A will not be carried forward. A female carrier child who mates
with an unaffected male from a different family could produce affected children
, What is the probability that a parent carrying a dominant trait will pass the trait
on to each child - ANSWER✅ The probability that a parent carrying a dominant
trait will pass that trait on is a 50% chance with each pregnancy
How can prenatal diagnosis demonstrate the sex of an unborn child -
ANSWER✅ Chromosome analysis indicates the components of pair 23, XX or XY.
Ultrasound may show the penis.
How does the proportion of fluid in the body change with age? - ANSWER✅ The
proportion of fluid in the body decreases throughout the lifespan
Why does dehydration affect cell function? - ANSWER✅ dehydration affects
cell function because the transport of nutrients into the cell and removal of
wastes from cell are decreased impairing cell metabolism and function
Is the function of sodium ion in the body? - ANSWER✅ Sodium ions help me
teen extracellular fluid (as the major cation exerting osmotic pressure),
contribute to neuromuscular function and play a role an acid-base balance in
metabolic processes
