Anatomy and Physiology — Notes Summary

Anatomy and Physiology — Notes Summary 2026
Introduction
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and body parts.
Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
Both subjects are important in nursing because they help nurses understand how
the human body works and responds to disease.


Levels of Body Organization
1. Chemical level – atoms and molecules
2. Cellular level – cells
3. Tissue level – groups of similar cells
4. Organ level – structures with specific functions
5. System level – groups of organs working together
6. Organism level – the whole human body


Cell Structure and Function
Parts of a Cell
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
Functions of Cells
 Produce energy
 Remove waste
 Reproduce

,  Maintain body activities


Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body surfaces and organs.
Connective Tissue
Supports and binds body parts.
Muscle Tissue
Responsible for movement.
Nervous Tissue
Transmits nerve impulses.


Skeletal System
Functions
 Support the body
 Protect organs
 Enable movement
 Produce blood cells
 Store minerals
Major Bones
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Ribs
 Femur