NR283 Exam 2 Success Pack 2026 |
Pathophysiology | Latest Update | Exam
● Labs related to erythrocytes ???
o major component in RBCs = hemoglobin
o Hematocrit blood test
measures the volume of the formed elements-- red blood cell, white blood cell and
thrombocytes
o Hemoglobin blood test
measures the level of hemoglobin in the blood
● Types of leukemia
o Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
A type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells
This is the most common type of leukemia in young children. ALL can also occur in adults
o Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
A type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow with excess immature white blood cells
AML is a common type of leukemia. It occurs in children and adults. AML is the most
common type of acute leukemia in adults
o Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
With CLL, the most common chronic adult leukemia, you may feel well for years without
needing treatment
****On the quiz it give an example of a 50 year old man getting diagnosed with
what type of leukemia nurse tell him symptoms are slowly progressive and can
only survive for five years
o Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
This type of leukemia mainly affects adults
A person with CML may have few or no symptoms for months or years before entering a
phase in which the leukemia cells grow more quickly.
● Clinical/lab manifestations of Iron deficiency anemia
o most common; a type of anemia that develops if you do not have enough iron in your body
o s/s: extreme fatigue, weakness, pale skin, chest pain, fast heartbeat or shortness of breath,
headache, dizziness or lightheadedness, cold hands and feet, inflammation or soreness of your
tongue, brittle nails
What presents with a blood clotting disorder
, o Deep vein thrombosis or DVT:
Swollen and tender legs that are painful to the touch, if you have blood clots that block
blood flow to your leg veins
o Pulmonary embolism:
blood clot in lungs
Shortness of breath and chest pain, if you have a blood clot that travels to the lungs
o Ischemic stroke:
when a blood vessel (artery) supplying blood to an area of the brain becomes blocked by
a blood clot
o Hemorrhagic stroke:
when an artery in the brain leaks or bursts (ruptures)
o Myocardial infarction:
A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle. A heart attack
o Kidney failure:
the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and balance fluids
Sequence of hemostasis
o 1. Constriction of the blood vessel
o 2. Formation of a temporary “platelet plug"
o 3. Activation of the coagulation cascade.
o 4. Formation of “fibrin plug” or the final clot AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in
adults
● What disease process has presentation of petechia & purpura?
o Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare blood disorder that causes tiny blood clots to
form throughout your body
***know petchia and purpura
This can cause the tiny red or purple spots known as petechiae, as well as unexplained
purplish bruising that can look like a rash, the bruising is known as purpura
What is cardiac output?
o the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute
o Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
o The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke
volume.
What condition is a cessation of heart function?
o Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating
, o When that happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs. If it is not treated,
SCA usually causes death within minutes
o But quick treatment with a defibrillator may be lifesaving
Angina vs MI
o The key difference between angina and a heart attack is that angina is the result of narrowed
(rather than blocked) coronary arteries
***difference is ANGINA goes away with rest and nitroglycerin
o unlike a heart attack, angina does not cause permanent heart damage
● What are the different types of angina?
o Stable angina
most common form of angina; It usually happens during activity (exertion) and goes
away with rest or angina medication
predictable and usually similar to previous episodes of chest pain. The chest pain
typically lasts a short time, perhaps five minutes or less.
o Unstable angina (a medical emergency)
unpredictable and occurs at rest. Or the angina pain is worsening and occurs with less
physical effort
typically severe and lasts longer than stable angina, maybe 20 minutes or longer. The
pain doesn't go away with rest or the usual angina medications.
If the blood flow doesn't improve, the heart is starved of oxygen and a heart attack
occurs
o Variant angina (Prinzmetal angina) - intermittent
caused by a spasm in the heart's arteries that temporarily reduces blood flow
Severe chest pain is the main symptom of variant angina
Pathophysiology | Latest Update | Exam
● Labs related to erythrocytes ???
o major component in RBCs = hemoglobin
o Hematocrit blood test
measures the volume of the formed elements-- red blood cell, white blood cell and
thrombocytes
o Hemoglobin blood test
measures the level of hemoglobin in the blood
● Types of leukemia
o Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
A type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells
This is the most common type of leukemia in young children. ALL can also occur in adults
o Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
A type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow with excess immature white blood cells
AML is a common type of leukemia. It occurs in children and adults. AML is the most
common type of acute leukemia in adults
o Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
With CLL, the most common chronic adult leukemia, you may feel well for years without
needing treatment
****On the quiz it give an example of a 50 year old man getting diagnosed with
what type of leukemia nurse tell him symptoms are slowly progressive and can
only survive for five years
o Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
This type of leukemia mainly affects adults
A person with CML may have few or no symptoms for months or years before entering a
phase in which the leukemia cells grow more quickly.
● Clinical/lab manifestations of Iron deficiency anemia
o most common; a type of anemia that develops if you do not have enough iron in your body
o s/s: extreme fatigue, weakness, pale skin, chest pain, fast heartbeat or shortness of breath,
headache, dizziness or lightheadedness, cold hands and feet, inflammation or soreness of your
tongue, brittle nails
What presents with a blood clotting disorder
, o Deep vein thrombosis or DVT:
Swollen and tender legs that are painful to the touch, if you have blood clots that block
blood flow to your leg veins
o Pulmonary embolism:
blood clot in lungs
Shortness of breath and chest pain, if you have a blood clot that travels to the lungs
o Ischemic stroke:
when a blood vessel (artery) supplying blood to an area of the brain becomes blocked by
a blood clot
o Hemorrhagic stroke:
when an artery in the brain leaks or bursts (ruptures)
o Myocardial infarction:
A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle. A heart attack
o Kidney failure:
the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and balance fluids
Sequence of hemostasis
o 1. Constriction of the blood vessel
o 2. Formation of a temporary “platelet plug"
o 3. Activation of the coagulation cascade.
o 4. Formation of “fibrin plug” or the final clot AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in
adults
● What disease process has presentation of petechia & purpura?
o Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare blood disorder that causes tiny blood clots to
form throughout your body
***know petchia and purpura
This can cause the tiny red or purple spots known as petechiae, as well as unexplained
purplish bruising that can look like a rash, the bruising is known as purpura
What is cardiac output?
o the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute
o Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
o The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke
volume.
What condition is a cessation of heart function?
o Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating
, o When that happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs. If it is not treated,
SCA usually causes death within minutes
o But quick treatment with a defibrillator may be lifesaving
Angina vs MI
o The key difference between angina and a heart attack is that angina is the result of narrowed
(rather than blocked) coronary arteries
***difference is ANGINA goes away with rest and nitroglycerin
o unlike a heart attack, angina does not cause permanent heart damage
● What are the different types of angina?
o Stable angina
most common form of angina; It usually happens during activity (exertion) and goes
away with rest or angina medication
predictable and usually similar to previous episodes of chest pain. The chest pain
typically lasts a short time, perhaps five minutes or less.
o Unstable angina (a medical emergency)
unpredictable and occurs at rest. Or the angina pain is worsening and occurs with less
physical effort
typically severe and lasts longer than stable angina, maybe 20 minutes or longer. The
pain doesn't go away with rest or the usual angina medications.
If the blood flow doesn't improve, the heart is starved of oxygen and a heart attack
occurs
o Variant angina (Prinzmetal angina) - intermittent
caused by a spasm in the heart's arteries that temporarily reduces blood flow
Severe chest pain is the main symptom of variant angina
