ORTHOTIC CPM CERTIFICATION TEST
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Hip Flexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 120-130 degrees
Position: Supine with hips extended
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk,
mobile arm on lateral longitudinal axis of femur
Motion: Bend hip and knee up towards the chest and leave contralateral
leg flat on table
●● Thomas Test. Answer: Test for hip flexion contracture
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk,
mobile arm on lateral longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure:
1) Bring both legs up towards the chest
2) Lower one leg to table while keeping other flexed
The angle between the table and the extended leg determines the amount
of hip flexion contracture
●● Hip Extension ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone with hips relaxed
,Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of
trunk, mobile arm on lateral longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: Lift leg off of the table towards the buttocks
●● Straight Leg Raise. Answer: Testing for proximal hamstring tightness
Normal: 90 degrees
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of
trunk, mobile arm on longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: Raise the leg upwards, making sure to keep knee extended
and contralateral leg straight on table
●● Hip Abduction/Adduction ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 45
degrees abduction & 30 degrees adduction
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on the ASIS, stationary arm horizontal ASIS to ASIS,
mobile arm anterior longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: ABD - will all joints extended, move leg away from midline;
ADD - move towards and past midline
●● Internal/External Hip Rotation ROM Testing. Answer: Normal
ROM: 45 degrees
Position: Sitting
,Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to
floor, mobilizing arm anterior longitudinal axis of tibia (midline)
Procedure: Keep pelvis level; INT: move leg out and away from midline;
EXT: move leg out and towards the midline
●● Femoral Anteversion Testing. Answer: Normal: 20 degrees
Position: Prone with hip extended and knee flexed 90 degrees
Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to
floor, mobile arm anterior longitudinal axis of tibia
Procedure: Rotate the limb to the point of max trochanteric prominence
●● Knee Flexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 135 degrees
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis through lateral epicondyle, stationary arm lateral
longitudinal axis of femur, mobile arm longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Bend knee up towards buttocks as far as possible
●● Knee Extension ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone or supine
Goniometer: Axis at lateral epicondyle, stationary arm along lateral
longitudinal axis of femur, mobile arm along longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Extend knee
, ●● Ankle Dorsiflexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 20
degrees
Position: Supine; knee bent and knee straight (test for gastric tightness)
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary
arm along lateral longitudinal axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral
longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Align subtalar joint in neutral to slight inversion while
bending foot up
●● Ankle Plantarflexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 45
degrees
Position: Supine with knee straight
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary
arm along lateral longitudinal axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral
longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Keep knee extended, move foot down towards table
●● Hindfoot Inversion/Eversion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM:
5 degrees each
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis on posterior calcaneus, stationary arm parallel to
posterior longitudinal axis of tibia, mobile arm parallel to line bisecting
calcaneus into right and left halves
Procedure: Bring hindfoot medially (inversion) or laterally (eversion)
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Hip Flexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 120-130 degrees
Position: Supine with hips extended
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk,
mobile arm on lateral longitudinal axis of femur
Motion: Bend hip and knee up towards the chest and leave contralateral
leg flat on table
●● Thomas Test. Answer: Test for hip flexion contracture
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk,
mobile arm on lateral longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure:
1) Bring both legs up towards the chest
2) Lower one leg to table while keeping other flexed
The angle between the table and the extended leg determines the amount
of hip flexion contracture
●● Hip Extension ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone with hips relaxed
,Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of
trunk, mobile arm on lateral longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: Lift leg off of the table towards the buttocks
●● Straight Leg Raise. Answer: Testing for proximal hamstring tightness
Normal: 90 degrees
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of
trunk, mobile arm on longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: Raise the leg upwards, making sure to keep knee extended
and contralateral leg straight on table
●● Hip Abduction/Adduction ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 45
degrees abduction & 30 degrees adduction
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on the ASIS, stationary arm horizontal ASIS to ASIS,
mobile arm anterior longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: ABD - will all joints extended, move leg away from midline;
ADD - move towards and past midline
●● Internal/External Hip Rotation ROM Testing. Answer: Normal
ROM: 45 degrees
Position: Sitting
,Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to
floor, mobilizing arm anterior longitudinal axis of tibia (midline)
Procedure: Keep pelvis level; INT: move leg out and away from midline;
EXT: move leg out and towards the midline
●● Femoral Anteversion Testing. Answer: Normal: 20 degrees
Position: Prone with hip extended and knee flexed 90 degrees
Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to
floor, mobile arm anterior longitudinal axis of tibia
Procedure: Rotate the limb to the point of max trochanteric prominence
●● Knee Flexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 135 degrees
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis through lateral epicondyle, stationary arm lateral
longitudinal axis of femur, mobile arm longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Bend knee up towards buttocks as far as possible
●● Knee Extension ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone or supine
Goniometer: Axis at lateral epicondyle, stationary arm along lateral
longitudinal axis of femur, mobile arm along longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Extend knee
, ●● Ankle Dorsiflexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 20
degrees
Position: Supine; knee bent and knee straight (test for gastric tightness)
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary
arm along lateral longitudinal axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral
longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Align subtalar joint in neutral to slight inversion while
bending foot up
●● Ankle Plantarflexion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM: 45
degrees
Position: Supine with knee straight
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary
arm along lateral longitudinal axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral
longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Keep knee extended, move foot down towards table
●● Hindfoot Inversion/Eversion ROM Testing. Answer: Normal ROM:
5 degrees each
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis on posterior calcaneus, stationary arm parallel to
posterior longitudinal axis of tibia, mobile arm parallel to line bisecting
calcaneus into right and left halves
Procedure: Bring hindfoot medially (inversion) or laterally (eversion)
