PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE AN
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
8TH EDITION HAMMER MCPHEE TEST
BANK 2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Pharmocodynamics. Answer: What does the drug do to the
organisms?
⩥ Absorption (A). Answer: Movement from administration site to
systemic circulation
Factors: Route, first-pass metabolism, drug formulation
⩥ Distribution (D). Answer: Transport via bloodstream to tissues
throughout body
Factors: Blood flow, protein binding, lipophilicity, tissue permeability
⩥ Metabolism (M). Answer: Breakdown of drug moelucles, primarily by
liver enzymes
,Factors: Age, genetics, enzyme induction/inhibtion, liver function
⩥ Ecretion/Elimination (E). Answer: Removal of drug and metabolites
from body
Factors: Kidney function, urine pH, active transport
⩥ First-Pass Metabolism. Answer: Drug is metabolized in the liver/gut
wall before reaching systemic circulstion, reducing active drug available
("bioavailability")
Relation to Absiorption: Extensive first-pass metabolism cn significantly
decrease the amount of drug absorbed systemically
⩥ Bioavailability. Answer: The fraction of the initial dose of a drug tht
successfully reaches systemic circulation in unchanged, active form and
becomes completely available to its intended biological targets
High BV: Efficient absorption, minimal first-pass loss (Ex: IV drugs)
Low BV: Significant metabolism/loss before reaching blood (Ex: many
oral drugs)
,⩥ What are the physiochemical properties that reduce drug
bioavailability?. Answer: Poor water solubility, low permeability, or
insufficient time for dissolution in the GI tract.
⩥ How does molecular size affect drug bioavailability?. Answer: Larger
molecules have more difficulty passing through the intestinal wall and
entering the bloodstream.
⩥ What role does pharmaceutical formulation play in drug
bioavailability?. Answer: Inactive ingredients (excipients) and coatings
can impact how quickly a drug is dissolved.
⩥ How does chemical stability affect drug absorption?. Answer: The
acidic environment of the stomach can cause drugs to degrade before
they are absorbed.
⩥ What can enhance the absorption of certain medications?. Answer:
Food can enhance the absorption of some medications.
⩥ When are some medications better taken?. Answer: Some medications
are better taken on an empty stomach.
⩥ What effect can certain drugs have on liver enzymes?. Answer:
Certain drugs can inhibit the liver's metabolic enzymes, increasing the
bioavailability of other medications.
, ⩥ What are efflux transporters?. Answer: Efflux transporters are proteins
(P-glycoproteins) that expel drugs from the intestinal lining into the GI
tract.
⩥ What is the role of P-glycoproteins in drug absorption?. Answer: P-
glycoproteins prevent drugs from entering the bloodstream by pumping
them back into the GI tract.
⩥ What are the indications for oral/enteral medication?. Answer: Most
convenient route for patients who can ingest and tolerate oral
medications; sustained-release forms for drugs with short half-lives.
⩥ What is an advantage of oral/enteral medication?. Answer: Ease of
administration and widespread patient acceptance.
⩥ What is another advantage of oral/enteral medication?. Answer: Cost-
effective and most commonly used route.
⩥ What is a disadvantage of oral/enteral medication related to
absorption?. Answer: Variable absorption rates and drug degradation
before absorption.
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
8TH EDITION HAMMER MCPHEE TEST
BANK 2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Pharmocodynamics. Answer: What does the drug do to the
organisms?
⩥ Absorption (A). Answer: Movement from administration site to
systemic circulation
Factors: Route, first-pass metabolism, drug formulation
⩥ Distribution (D). Answer: Transport via bloodstream to tissues
throughout body
Factors: Blood flow, protein binding, lipophilicity, tissue permeability
⩥ Metabolism (M). Answer: Breakdown of drug moelucles, primarily by
liver enzymes
,Factors: Age, genetics, enzyme induction/inhibtion, liver function
⩥ Ecretion/Elimination (E). Answer: Removal of drug and metabolites
from body
Factors: Kidney function, urine pH, active transport
⩥ First-Pass Metabolism. Answer: Drug is metabolized in the liver/gut
wall before reaching systemic circulstion, reducing active drug available
("bioavailability")
Relation to Absiorption: Extensive first-pass metabolism cn significantly
decrease the amount of drug absorbed systemically
⩥ Bioavailability. Answer: The fraction of the initial dose of a drug tht
successfully reaches systemic circulation in unchanged, active form and
becomes completely available to its intended biological targets
High BV: Efficient absorption, minimal first-pass loss (Ex: IV drugs)
Low BV: Significant metabolism/loss before reaching blood (Ex: many
oral drugs)
,⩥ What are the physiochemical properties that reduce drug
bioavailability?. Answer: Poor water solubility, low permeability, or
insufficient time for dissolution in the GI tract.
⩥ How does molecular size affect drug bioavailability?. Answer: Larger
molecules have more difficulty passing through the intestinal wall and
entering the bloodstream.
⩥ What role does pharmaceutical formulation play in drug
bioavailability?. Answer: Inactive ingredients (excipients) and coatings
can impact how quickly a drug is dissolved.
⩥ How does chemical stability affect drug absorption?. Answer: The
acidic environment of the stomach can cause drugs to degrade before
they are absorbed.
⩥ What can enhance the absorption of certain medications?. Answer:
Food can enhance the absorption of some medications.
⩥ When are some medications better taken?. Answer: Some medications
are better taken on an empty stomach.
⩥ What effect can certain drugs have on liver enzymes?. Answer:
Certain drugs can inhibit the liver's metabolic enzymes, increasing the
bioavailability of other medications.
, ⩥ What are efflux transporters?. Answer: Efflux transporters are proteins
(P-glycoproteins) that expel drugs from the intestinal lining into the GI
tract.
⩥ What is the role of P-glycoproteins in drug absorption?. Answer: P-
glycoproteins prevent drugs from entering the bloodstream by pumping
them back into the GI tract.
⩥ What are the indications for oral/enteral medication?. Answer: Most
convenient route for patients who can ingest and tolerate oral
medications; sustained-release forms for drugs with short half-lives.
⩥ What is an advantage of oral/enteral medication?. Answer: Ease of
administration and widespread patient acceptance.
⩥ What is another advantage of oral/enteral medication?. Answer: Cost-
effective and most commonly used route.
⩥ What is a disadvantage of oral/enteral medication related to
absorption?. Answer: Variable absorption rates and drug degradation
before absorption.
