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PSY311 TEST 1 LECTURE NOTES 2026
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Factors That Effect Infants' Development:
(Factor 3) - correct answer-responsiveness (to what degree
does a parent respond promptly, reliably and appropriately)
- i.e., when a child cries, how fast do the parents respond?
- will be different for every parent
Promptly - correct answer-- how quick the parents respond
- does the child need the response
Reliably - correct answer-if unreliable, the child will have a hard
time understanding what will happen
Appropriately - correct answer-- did they do their business? did
they sleep? etc.
Factors That Effect Infants' Development:
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(Factor 5) - correct answer-SES
- are parents working?
- how much can they afford?
- are there any caretakers?
Factors That Effect Infants' Development:
(Factor 4) - correct answer-parental beliefs (what parents know
and believe about the nature of child development) affected to
a large degree by culture
-i.e., getting older = more independent = parents less
controlling (some cultures will not agree)
- beliefs always change
Mother vs. Father - correct answer-- mothers assume the
primary role (maybe biological, moms have tough choices, get
maternity leave, leave early to pick up kid, etc.)
- both parents respond in similar ways to
infant's cues
- in general, moms are more involved in caregiving and dads
are more involved in play
- normal children become attached to both parents
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The nature of parent-infant interactions is likely determined by
sophisticated mechanisms governed by two general principles:
- correct answer-- The Specificity principle
- The Transactional principle
The Specificity principle - correct answer-states that specific
experiences at specific times exert specific effects over specific
aspects of infants' growth in specific ways
- everything a child goes through matters
- "mama" at first bday example
The Transactional principle - correct answer-recognizes that the
characteristics of individuals shape their experiences and
reciprocally, that experiences shape the characteristics of
individuals through time. Infants actively contribute towards
producing their own environment and reciprocally, environment
contributes to their own development.
- biological (i.e., temperament which can change overtime)
- niche picking
A child's first relationship is generally referred to as an - correct
answer-attachment (to a unique individual)
- Bowlby
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- usually very strong and reciprocal and meaningful
Attachment - correct answer-internal cognitive system that has
a strong output that organizes the child's feelings
- inferred
Attachment Behaviour - correct answer-external means of
expressing feelings
- observable
attachment as a biologically based system within an individual -
correct answer-evolution, prewired, child's blueprint to build a
reciprocal relationship to survive (not learned)
dyadic relationship between individuals - correct answer-
between 2 people
- i.e., mom and child
Attachment is Characterized by: - correct answer-- Selectivity -
focus on specific individuals (meaningful people)
PSY311 TEST 1 LECTURE NOTES 2026
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Factors That Effect Infants' Development:
(Factor 3) - correct answer-responsiveness (to what degree
does a parent respond promptly, reliably and appropriately)
- i.e., when a child cries, how fast do the parents respond?
- will be different for every parent
Promptly - correct answer-- how quick the parents respond
- does the child need the response
Reliably - correct answer-if unreliable, the child will have a hard
time understanding what will happen
Appropriately - correct answer-- did they do their business? did
they sleep? etc.
Factors That Effect Infants' Development:
, Page | 2
(Factor 5) - correct answer-SES
- are parents working?
- how much can they afford?
- are there any caretakers?
Factors That Effect Infants' Development:
(Factor 4) - correct answer-parental beliefs (what parents know
and believe about the nature of child development) affected to
a large degree by culture
-i.e., getting older = more independent = parents less
controlling (some cultures will not agree)
- beliefs always change
Mother vs. Father - correct answer-- mothers assume the
primary role (maybe biological, moms have tough choices, get
maternity leave, leave early to pick up kid, etc.)
- both parents respond in similar ways to
infant's cues
- in general, moms are more involved in caregiving and dads
are more involved in play
- normal children become attached to both parents
, Page | 3
The nature of parent-infant interactions is likely determined by
sophisticated mechanisms governed by two general principles:
- correct answer-- The Specificity principle
- The Transactional principle
The Specificity principle - correct answer-states that specific
experiences at specific times exert specific effects over specific
aspects of infants' growth in specific ways
- everything a child goes through matters
- "mama" at first bday example
The Transactional principle - correct answer-recognizes that the
characteristics of individuals shape their experiences and
reciprocally, that experiences shape the characteristics of
individuals through time. Infants actively contribute towards
producing their own environment and reciprocally, environment
contributes to their own development.
- biological (i.e., temperament which can change overtime)
- niche picking
A child's first relationship is generally referred to as an - correct
answer-attachment (to a unique individual)
- Bowlby
, Page | 4
- usually very strong and reciprocal and meaningful
Attachment - correct answer-internal cognitive system that has
a strong output that organizes the child's feelings
- inferred
Attachment Behaviour - correct answer-external means of
expressing feelings
- observable
attachment as a biologically based system within an individual -
correct answer-evolution, prewired, child's blueprint to build a
reciprocal relationship to survive (not learned)
dyadic relationship between individuals - correct answer-
between 2 people
- i.e., mom and child
Attachment is Characterized by: - correct answer-- Selectivity -
focus on specific individuals (meaningful people)
