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NSG 530 EXAM 2 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WILKES
NEWEST 2026 2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS FULLY VERIFIED ANSWERS BRAND
NEW VERSION HIGH YIELD STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL UPDATED
PRACTICE QUESTIONS EXAM PREPARATION NURSING
SUCCESS REVIEW
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? a. Platelet adhesion b.
Initiation of the clotting cascade c. Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness -
CORRECT ANSWER=C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of the clotting cascade b.
Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues c. Inactivation of chemical
mediators such as histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes -
CORRECT ANSWER=D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three
different means, and its products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in
mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade? a. To tag
pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages b. To process
pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired
immunity c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms d. To
promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation - CORRECT
ANSWER=A. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of
the inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization? - CORRECT ANSWER=During opsonization
opsonin binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is opsonized
(destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
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How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process? a. By causing
vasodilation around the inflamed area b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the
inflamed area c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area d. By producing edema around
the inflamed area - CORRECT ANSWER=C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil
chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are
released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes),
and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problem? a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. b. Complement and
chemotaxis are deficient. c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient. - CORRECT ANSWER=C. In some cases, impaired
healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a
chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion,
destruction b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction c. Recognition, engulfment,
fusion, destruction d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction - CORRECT
ANSWER=C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct
sequence of phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of
the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis,
and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte
(phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to
elevations of which leukocyte? a. Monocytes b. Eosinophils c. Neutrophils d. Basophils -
CORRECT ANSWER=C. Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early
inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest
(phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory site.
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In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant? a.
Neutrophils b. Monocytes c. Chemokines d. Eosinophils -
CORRECT ANSWER=B. Only monocytes and macrophages perform many of the same
functions as neutrophils but for a longer time and in a later stage of the inflammatory
response.
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
release what? a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes b.
Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation c. Lysosomal
enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation d.
Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites - CORRECT ANSWER=B.
Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive molecules, thereby
controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These enzymes include histaminase, which
mediates the degradation of histamine, and arylsulfatase B, which mediates the degradation
of some of the lipid-derived mediators produced by mast cells.
What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells? a. Initiation of the complement cascade b.
Elimination of malignant cells c. Binding tightly to antigens d.
Proliferation after immunization with antigen - CORRECT ANSWER=B. The main function
of NK cells is to recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses, although they are also
somewhat effective at eliminating other abnormal host cells, specifically cancer cells. The
complement system is activated in one of three ways (classical, lectin, and alternative),
none of which involve NK cells. Antibodies bind tightly to antigens. Immunization leads to
the proliferation of antibodies.
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? a. Eosinophil b.
Neutrophils c. T lymphocytes d. B lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER=A.
Eosinophils serve as the body's primary defense against parasites. T lymphocytes and B
lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity. Neutrophils are the predominant
phagocytes in the early inflammatory site
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Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic? a. Formation of exudates b.
Fever and leukocytosis c. Redness and heat d. Pain and edema - CORRECT ANSWER=B.
The only three primary systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory response
are fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels
in circulating plasma proteins. Exudate, redness, heat, pain, and edema are local signs.
What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage? a. Nonfunctioning scar tissue
replaces destroyed tissue. b. Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is replaced. c.
Resolution occurs; tissue is regenerated. d. Epithelialization replaces destroyed tissue. -
CORRECT ANSWER=A. Repair is the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue.
Regeneration is the replacement of damaged tissue with healthy tissue with complete return
to normal structure and function. Resolution is synonymous with regeneration.
Epithelialization is the process by which epithelial cells grow into the wound from
surrounding healthy tissue.
What is the role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing? a.
Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound. b. Establish
connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers. c.
Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins. d. Provide enzymes
that débride the wound bed of dead cells. - CORRECT ANSWER=C. Fibroblasts are the
most important cells during the reconstructive phase of wound healing because they
synthesize and secrete collagen and other connective tissue proteins. Macrophage-derived
transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) stimulates fibroblasts. Fibroblasts do not generate
new capillaries, establish connections between neighboring cells, or provide enzymes to
debride the wound bed.
A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response? a.
Epithelialization b. Contraction c. Collagen matrix assembly d. Maturation -
NSG 530 EXAM 2 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WILKES
NEWEST 2026 2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS FULLY VERIFIED ANSWERS BRAND
NEW VERSION HIGH YIELD STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL UPDATED
PRACTICE QUESTIONS EXAM PREPARATION NURSING
SUCCESS REVIEW
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? a. Platelet adhesion b.
Initiation of the clotting cascade c. Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness -
CORRECT ANSWER=C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of the clotting cascade b.
Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues c. Inactivation of chemical
mediators such as histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes -
CORRECT ANSWER=D. The complement cascade can be activated by at least three
different means, and its products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in
mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade? a. To tag
pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages b. To process
pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired
immunity c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms d. To
promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation - CORRECT
ANSWER=A. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of
the inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization? - CORRECT ANSWER=During opsonization
opsonin binds to a pathogen, then phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is opsonized
(destroyed). It is bound with the antibody IgG.
,2 | Page
How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process? a. By causing
vasodilation around the inflamed area b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the
inflamed area c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area d. By producing edema around
the inflamed area - CORRECT ANSWER=C. Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil
chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are
released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes),
and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problem? a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. b. Complement and
chemotaxis are deficient. c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient. - CORRECT ANSWER=C. In some cases, impaired
healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a
chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion,
destruction b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction c. Recognition, engulfment,
fusion, destruction d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction - CORRECT
ANSWER=C. Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct
sequence of phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of
the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis,
and the formation of phagosome; (3) fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte
(phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to
elevations of which leukocyte? a. Monocytes b. Eosinophils c. Neutrophils d. Basophils -
CORRECT ANSWER=C. Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early
inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest
(phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory site.
,3 | Page
In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant? a.
Neutrophils b. Monocytes c. Chemokines d. Eosinophils -
CORRECT ANSWER=B. Only monocytes and macrophages perform many of the same
functions as neutrophils but for a longer time and in a later stage of the inflammatory
response.
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
release what? a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes b.
Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation c. Lysosomal
enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation d.
Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites - CORRECT ANSWER=B.
Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive molecules, thereby
controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These enzymes include histaminase, which
mediates the degradation of histamine, and arylsulfatase B, which mediates the degradation
of some of the lipid-derived mediators produced by mast cells.
What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells? a. Initiation of the complement cascade b.
Elimination of malignant cells c. Binding tightly to antigens d.
Proliferation after immunization with antigen - CORRECT ANSWER=B. The main function
of NK cells is to recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses, although they are also
somewhat effective at eliminating other abnormal host cells, specifically cancer cells. The
complement system is activated in one of three ways (classical, lectin, and alternative),
none of which involve NK cells. Antibodies bind tightly to antigens. Immunization leads to
the proliferation of antibodies.
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? a. Eosinophil b.
Neutrophils c. T lymphocytes d. B lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER=A.
Eosinophils serve as the body's primary defense against parasites. T lymphocytes and B
lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity. Neutrophils are the predominant
phagocytes in the early inflammatory site
, 4 | Page
Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic? a. Formation of exudates b.
Fever and leukocytosis c. Redness and heat d. Pain and edema - CORRECT ANSWER=B.
The only three primary systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory response
are fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels
in circulating plasma proteins. Exudate, redness, heat, pain, and edema are local signs.
What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage? a. Nonfunctioning scar tissue
replaces destroyed tissue. b. Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is replaced. c.
Resolution occurs; tissue is regenerated. d. Epithelialization replaces destroyed tissue. -
CORRECT ANSWER=A. Repair is the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue.
Regeneration is the replacement of damaged tissue with healthy tissue with complete return
to normal structure and function. Resolution is synonymous with regeneration.
Epithelialization is the process by which epithelial cells grow into the wound from
surrounding healthy tissue.
What is the role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing? a.
Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound. b. Establish
connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers. c.
Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins. d. Provide enzymes
that débride the wound bed of dead cells. - CORRECT ANSWER=C. Fibroblasts are the
most important cells during the reconstructive phase of wound healing because they
synthesize and secrete collagen and other connective tissue proteins. Macrophage-derived
transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) stimulates fibroblasts. Fibroblasts do not generate
new capillaries, establish connections between neighboring cells, or provide enzymes to
debride the wound bed.
A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response? a.
Epithelialization b. Contraction c. Collagen matrix assembly d. Maturation -
