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theocracy
gov by religious leaders, who claim divine guidance
Articles of Confederation
the first governing document of the confederated states, drafted in
1777, ratified in 1781, and replaced by the present Constitution in
1789
Annapolis Convention
A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade
and
navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued
the call to Congress and the states for what became the
Constitutional Convention
,Constitutional Convention
The convention in Philadelphia, May 25-September 17, 1787, that
framed the Constitution of the United States
Shays' Rebellion
Rebellion by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787,
protesting mortgage foreclosures; led by Daniel Shays and important
because it highlighted the need for a strong national gov just as the
call for the Constitutional Convention went out
bicameralism
the principle of a two house legislature
Virginia Plan
initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia
delegation for a strong central gov with a bicamerl legislature, the
lower house to be elected by the voters and the upper chosen by
the lower, representation based on wealth or population
New Jersey Plan
proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William
Paterson of New Jersey for a central gov with a single-house
legislature in which each state would be represented equally
, Connecticut Compromise
compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for
a
bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation
would be based on population and an upper house in which each
state would have two senators
checks and balances
constitutional grant of powers that enables each of the three
branches of government to check some acts of the others and
therefore ensure that no branch can dominate
natural law
God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher
than human law
, Three-Fifths Compromise
compromise agreement between northern and southern states at the
Constitutional Convention that the three fifths of the slave population
would be counted for determining direct taxation and
representation in the House of Representatives
Federalists
supporters of ratification of the Constitution who position
promoting a strong central gov was later voiced in the Federalist
party
Antifederalists
opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central
government generally
The Federalist
series of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published
anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in
1787 and 1788