AC HPAT UPDATED PRACTICE SOLUTION
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● How does insulin work in diabetes?
Answer: Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic the
way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting
insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver
variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
●● chemotherapy
Answer: Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals
to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used
to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly
than most cells in the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly,
as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which target specific
areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some
fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and
bone marrow.
●● How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how
effective is it?
Answer: Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone
marrow with new ones that make blood. Your doctor can get the new
stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell
transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however,
the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients'
,healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy
offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the
chance of full recovery.
●● Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in
removing cancerous tumours?
Answer: Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels),
so they do less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually
have less pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy,
operations are usually shorter.
●● Urinary system
Answer: · The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary
tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The
purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body,
regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes
and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
●● Nanotechnology
Answer: Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of
cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes
even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells.
●● Mercury poisoning
Answer: The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from
consuming too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is
,linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury are present in
everyday foods and products, which may not affect your health. Too
much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect
primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe
kidney damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage without continuous or
heavy exposure.
●● How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human
eye?
Answer: UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of
vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays, may
also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's
natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
●● Macromolecules
Answer: Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of
covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many
monomers linking together, forming a polymer.
●● passive transport
Answer: Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or
molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy
input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular
energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow
in entropy.
, ●● active transport
Answer: active transport is the movement of molecules across a
membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport
requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
●● catalyst
Answer: Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
●● fluid mosaic model
Answer: describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of
components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and
carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character. The
proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma
membrane vary with cell type
●● Effect of lead on nerve cells
Answer: Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this can
cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When
researchers examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin
insulation is often gone, and the axons are destroyed. These changes
prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● How does insulin work in diabetes?
Answer: Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic the
way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting
insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver
variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
●● chemotherapy
Answer: Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals
to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used
to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly
than most cells in the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly,
as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which target specific
areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some
fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and
bone marrow.
●● How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how
effective is it?
Answer: Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone
marrow with new ones that make blood. Your doctor can get the new
stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell
transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however,
the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients'
,healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy
offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the
chance of full recovery.
●● Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in
removing cancerous tumours?
Answer: Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels),
so they do less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually
have less pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy,
operations are usually shorter.
●● Urinary system
Answer: · The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary
tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The
purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body,
regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes
and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
●● Nanotechnology
Answer: Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of
cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes
even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells.
●● Mercury poisoning
Answer: The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from
consuming too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is
,linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury are present in
everyday foods and products, which may not affect your health. Too
much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect
primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe
kidney damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage without continuous or
heavy exposure.
●● How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human
eye?
Answer: UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of
vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays, may
also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's
natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
●● Macromolecules
Answer: Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of
covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many
monomers linking together, forming a polymer.
●● passive transport
Answer: Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or
molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy
input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular
energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow
in entropy.
, ●● active transport
Answer: active transport is the movement of molecules across a
membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport
requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
●● catalyst
Answer: Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
●● fluid mosaic model
Answer: describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of
components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and
carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character. The
proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma
membrane vary with cell type
●● Effect of lead on nerve cells
Answer: Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this can
cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When
researchers examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin
insulation is often gone, and the axons are destroyed. These changes
prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
