NSG 530 Exam 2 review (Latest 2026 /
2027) Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions and Verified Answers 100%
Correct (Grade A )- Wilkes
Tumor - correct answer neoplasm- new growth
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer cancer in the early stage before invading
surrounding tissue, has not broken through the basement membrane
Stages of cancer development - correct answer 1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
Driver mutations - correct answer drive the progression of cancer
Uncontrolled cellular proliferation - correct answer What is the foremost hallmark of
cancer?
,Tumor resistance to destruction - correct answer -resistance to apoptotic cell death
-tumor-promoting inflammation
-avoiding immune destruction
Clonal proliferation or expansion - correct answer As a result of a mutation, a cell
acquires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantage over its neighbors
-Increased growth rate or decreased apoptosis
Oncogenes - correct answer genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls
on cell reproduction
Proto-oncogenes - correct answer the corresponding normal cellular genes that are
responsible for normal cell growth and division
Oncogene activation - correct answer point mutation in RAS gene converts from
regulated to unregulated
,Tumor suppressor genes - correct answer A gene whose protein product inhibits cell
division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
Replicative immortality - correct answer normal body cells are not immortal and can
only divide a limited number of times, CA cells can live forever, unlimited lifespan
Telomeres - correct answer ends of chromosomes, protective caps on each
chromosome
Genomic instability - correct answer -increased tendency for genomic mutations
during life cycle of the cell
-risk for cancer increases
-chromosome instability
Angiogenesis - correct answer cancer has the ability to from and grow new and own
blood vessels, giving CA cells direct access to blood vessels
, Metastasis - correct answer The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their
original site.
What are changes in tumor microenvironment that initiate mets? - correct answer -
transition into mesenchymal like loss of polarity, increase migratory capacity, increase
resistance to apoptosis, ability to re-differential into other cells
Cellular dedifferentiation - correct answer regeneration, cells revert to an earlier
stage of development
They can now separate from primary tumor and flourish in a secondary potential
hostile secondary site.
Skin cancer types - correct answer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
melanoma
Skin cancer risk factors - correct answer - Fair skin
- Too much exposure to UV rays.
2027) Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions and Verified Answers 100%
Correct (Grade A )- Wilkes
Tumor - correct answer neoplasm- new growth
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer cancer in the early stage before invading
surrounding tissue, has not broken through the basement membrane
Stages of cancer development - correct answer 1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
Driver mutations - correct answer drive the progression of cancer
Uncontrolled cellular proliferation - correct answer What is the foremost hallmark of
cancer?
,Tumor resistance to destruction - correct answer -resistance to apoptotic cell death
-tumor-promoting inflammation
-avoiding immune destruction
Clonal proliferation or expansion - correct answer As a result of a mutation, a cell
acquires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantage over its neighbors
-Increased growth rate or decreased apoptosis
Oncogenes - correct answer genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls
on cell reproduction
Proto-oncogenes - correct answer the corresponding normal cellular genes that are
responsible for normal cell growth and division
Oncogene activation - correct answer point mutation in RAS gene converts from
regulated to unregulated
,Tumor suppressor genes - correct answer A gene whose protein product inhibits cell
division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
Replicative immortality - correct answer normal body cells are not immortal and can
only divide a limited number of times, CA cells can live forever, unlimited lifespan
Telomeres - correct answer ends of chromosomes, protective caps on each
chromosome
Genomic instability - correct answer -increased tendency for genomic mutations
during life cycle of the cell
-risk for cancer increases
-chromosome instability
Angiogenesis - correct answer cancer has the ability to from and grow new and own
blood vessels, giving CA cells direct access to blood vessels
, Metastasis - correct answer The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their
original site.
What are changes in tumor microenvironment that initiate mets? - correct answer -
transition into mesenchymal like loss of polarity, increase migratory capacity, increase
resistance to apoptosis, ability to re-differential into other cells
Cellular dedifferentiation - correct answer regeneration, cells revert to an earlier
stage of development
They can now separate from primary tumor and flourish in a secondary potential
hostile secondary site.
Skin cancer types - correct answer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
melanoma
Skin cancer risk factors - correct answer - Fair skin
- Too much exposure to UV rays.
