NURS 615 Pharmacology and Prescribing Laws for APRNs Final Exam Study Guide test questions 100% correct, expert verified answers

NURS 615 Pharmacology and Prescribing Laws for APRNs Final Exam Study Guide test questions 100% correct, expert verified answers What is the process of rational drug prescribing? The process involves assessing the patient, establishing therapeutic goals, selecting appropriate medication, writing a safe prescription, educating the patient, monitoring response, and adjusting therapy if needed. What Acts and laws govern prescribing? Prescribing is governed by State Nurse Practice Acts, DEA regulations, the Controlled Substances Act, FDA regulations, state prescribing laws, APRN scope of practice laws, and collaborative practice agreements. What is the World Health Organization prescribing process? The WHO prescribing process includes defining the patient's problem, specifying therapeutic objectives, verifying therapy suitability, starting treatment, giving information and warnings, and monitoring and stopping treatment when appropriate. What is off-label prescribing? Off-label prescribing occurs when a medication is prescribed for a condition not approved by the FDA, a different age group, a different dose, or a different route. Why is off-label prescribing used? It is used because evidence supports effectiveness, limited approved options exist, and it is common in pediatrics, oncology, and psychiatry. What does patient education include as a prescriber? Patient education includes drug name and purpose, dose and schedule, side effects, drug interactions, storage instructions, missed dose instructions, monitoring requirements, when to seek medical help, and importance of adherence. What does the FDA regulate? The FDA regulates drug approval, manufacturing, labeling, safety monitoring, clinical trials, and medication marketing. What does the FDA NOT regulate? medications. What are the drug schedules? The FDA does not regulate how individual providers prescribe Schedule I: no accepted medical use, high abuse potential; Schedule II: high abuse potential with accepted medical use; Schedule III: moderate abuse potential; Schedule IV: lower abuse potential; Schedule V: lowest abuse potential. What is pharmacodynamics? What is an agonist? Pharmacodynamics is the study of what the drug does to the body. An agonist binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response. What is an antagonist? What is affinity? What is efficacy? What is potency? What is pharmacokinetics? An antagonist binds to a receptor and blocks a response. Affinity is how strongly a drug binds to a receptor. Efficacy is the maximum effect a drug can produce. Potency is the amount of drug needed to produce an effect. Pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. How are most drugs absorbed? What factors favor passive diffusion? concentration gradient. What is first-pass metabolism? Most drugs are absorbed through passive diffusion. Lipid solubility, small molecular size, nonionized state, and First-pass metabolism occurs when oral drugs are metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.