NURS 611
Patho Exam 1 with Questions & Answers (Verified Answers) ||
Maryville University || Complete A+ Study Guide || Latest Updated
Version
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS:
❖NURS 611 Patho Exam 1
❖Patho Exam 1 Review
❖Questions & Answers (Verified Answers)
❖Complete A+ Study Guide
❖Latest Updated Version
, Patho Exam 1 Review
Information taken from provided Exam 1 review. Notes added form Wunderlich’s and Varges’ SoundCloud reviews online. *things Varges stressed in
blue.
Week 1 & 2: Cellular Biology
A. Main components of the cell
a. Nucleus
i. What does it contain? (1)
1. The nucleolus
a. What is the nucleolus composed of (4):
i. RNA
ii. Most of the cellular DNA
iii. The DNA-binding proteins
iv. The histones
1. What do histones do? (1)
a. Regulate activity
2. Why are histones important? (2)
a. DNA chain in eukaryotic cells are so extensive the risk of
breakage is high
b. Histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
which is essential to cell division
b. Ribosomes
i. What are they (1)?
1. RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
ii. How do they get to the cytoplasm?
1. Through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
iii. Where can they be found (2)?
1. May float free in the cytoplasm
2. Attached to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
iv. What is their chief function?
1. Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
c. Golgi Complex
i. What is it also known as?
1. Golgi apparatus
ii. How would it be described?
1. A network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the
nucleus of the cell
iii. What does it do?
1. Takes proteins from the ER are processes/packages them into small membrane-bound
sacs/vesicles called “secretory vesicles”
2. Refines them and directs traffic in the cell
a. What are three examples of what is refined and packaged?
i. Proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharides
d. Lysosomes
i. How do they maintain cellular health (4)?
1. Efficient removal of toxic cellular components
2. Removal of useless organelles
3. Termination of signal transduction
4. Signals cellular adaption
1 | 15
, ii. How does aging affect lysosomes?
1. Leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative
capacity of organs and tissues
iii. What functions do lysosomal components integrate?
1. Nutrient abundance
2. Energy levels
3. Cell stressors
a. What do lysosomes do with this information?
i. Translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism
toward either proliferation or inactivity
e. Mitochondria
i. What are they responsible for?
1. Cellular respiration and energy production
ii. What does the inner membrane contain?
1. Enzymes of the respiratory chain – the name given to electron-transport chain
a. What are these essential to?
i. The process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the
cell’s ATP
iii. The mitochondrial matrix contains what kinds of pathways (1), involve what 2 things, and
metabolize what 3 things (2)?
1. Metabolic
2. Urea and heme synthesis
3. Carbs, proteins, and amino acids
B. Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
a. What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses from metabolic derangements (3)?
i. Carbs, proteins, and lipids
b. What are those important changes? Why?
i. Nuclear – without a healthy nucleus the cell can’t survive
c. What are the two main types of cell death?
i. Necrosis and apoptosis
d. Define apoptosis.
i. Programmed cell death that’s regulated or programmed
ii. Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
e. Necrosis
i. What characterizes it (3)?
1. Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure
2. Organelle swelling
3. Mitochondria dysfunction
ii. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs?
1. Hypoxia
2. Heart and kidneys
2 | 15
Patho Exam 1 with Questions & Answers (Verified Answers) ||
Maryville University || Complete A+ Study Guide || Latest Updated
Version
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS:
❖NURS 611 Patho Exam 1
❖Patho Exam 1 Review
❖Questions & Answers (Verified Answers)
❖Complete A+ Study Guide
❖Latest Updated Version
, Patho Exam 1 Review
Information taken from provided Exam 1 review. Notes added form Wunderlich’s and Varges’ SoundCloud reviews online. *things Varges stressed in
blue.
Week 1 & 2: Cellular Biology
A. Main components of the cell
a. Nucleus
i. What does it contain? (1)
1. The nucleolus
a. What is the nucleolus composed of (4):
i. RNA
ii. Most of the cellular DNA
iii. The DNA-binding proteins
iv. The histones
1. What do histones do? (1)
a. Regulate activity
2. Why are histones important? (2)
a. DNA chain in eukaryotic cells are so extensive the risk of
breakage is high
b. Histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
which is essential to cell division
b. Ribosomes
i. What are they (1)?
1. RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
ii. How do they get to the cytoplasm?
1. Through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
iii. Where can they be found (2)?
1. May float free in the cytoplasm
2. Attached to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
iv. What is their chief function?
1. Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
c. Golgi Complex
i. What is it also known as?
1. Golgi apparatus
ii. How would it be described?
1. A network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the
nucleus of the cell
iii. What does it do?
1. Takes proteins from the ER are processes/packages them into small membrane-bound
sacs/vesicles called “secretory vesicles”
2. Refines them and directs traffic in the cell
a. What are three examples of what is refined and packaged?
i. Proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharides
d. Lysosomes
i. How do they maintain cellular health (4)?
1. Efficient removal of toxic cellular components
2. Removal of useless organelles
3. Termination of signal transduction
4. Signals cellular adaption
1 | 15
, ii. How does aging affect lysosomes?
1. Leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative
capacity of organs and tissues
iii. What functions do lysosomal components integrate?
1. Nutrient abundance
2. Energy levels
3. Cell stressors
a. What do lysosomes do with this information?
i. Translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism
toward either proliferation or inactivity
e. Mitochondria
i. What are they responsible for?
1. Cellular respiration and energy production
ii. What does the inner membrane contain?
1. Enzymes of the respiratory chain – the name given to electron-transport chain
a. What are these essential to?
i. The process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the
cell’s ATP
iii. The mitochondrial matrix contains what kinds of pathways (1), involve what 2 things, and
metabolize what 3 things (2)?
1. Metabolic
2. Urea and heme synthesis
3. Carbs, proteins, and amino acids
B. Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
a. What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses from metabolic derangements (3)?
i. Carbs, proteins, and lipids
b. What are those important changes? Why?
i. Nuclear – without a healthy nucleus the cell can’t survive
c. What are the two main types of cell death?
i. Necrosis and apoptosis
d. Define apoptosis.
i. Programmed cell death that’s regulated or programmed
ii. Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
e. Necrosis
i. What characterizes it (3)?
1. Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure
2. Organelle swelling
3. Mitochondria dysfunction
ii. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs?
1. Hypoxia
2. Heart and kidneys
2 | 15
