MTL 200 LATEST 2026 FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Quantum Numbers (4 parameters to describe e) - ✔✔1)Size
2)Shape
3)Spatial orientation
4)Probability density
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 1 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter K
Sub-shell S
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 2 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter L
Sub-shell s,p
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 3 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter M
Sub-shell s,p,d
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 4 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter N
Sub-shell s,p,d,f
✔✔Electron Spin Movement - ✔✔+1/2, -1/2
✔✔Ground State - ✔✔electrons occupy all the lowest energy states
✔✔Hydrogen ground state - ✔✔1s^1
✔✔Helium - ✔✔1s^2
✔✔Sodium - ✔✔1s^2,2s^2,2p^6,3s^1
✔✔Electropositive - ✔✔elements capable of giving up electrons
✔✔Electronegative - ✔✔elements ready to accept electrons
✔✔Bonding Energy - ✔✔Eo=energy required to separate the atoms
✔✔The Primary Bond (3 types) - ✔✔1)Ionic
2)Covalent
3)Metallic
✔✔Ionic Bonding (3 points) - ✔✔1)The transfer of electrons
2)The attraction bonding forces are coulombic (positive-negative ions)
3)Nonderectional
,✔✔Covalent bonding (3 points) - ✔✔1)the share of electrons
2)directional
3)Non-metallic elements
✔✔Metallic Bonding (3 points) - ✔✔1)Metals and alloys
2)electrons drift around through the solid
3)good at conducting heat and electricity
✔✔Secondary Bonds - ✔✔Dipoles are the separation of a positive with a negative
charge
✔✔Induced Dipole Bonds (4 points) - ✔✔1)weakest secondary bonds
2)spacial distribution changes forming a small induced dipole between two atoms
3)Fluctuates
4)low bonding energies and melting points
✔✔Polar Molecule Induced Dipole Bond - ✔✔Permanent dipole based on asymmetrical
arrangement of charged atoms
✔✔Permanent Dipole Bonds (3 points) - ✔✔1) Strongest
2)Hydrogen Bonding
3)High bonding energies and melting points
✔✔The structure of crystalline solids (3 types) - ✔✔1)Crystalline
2)Amorphous
3)Lattice
✔✔Crystalline - ✔✔Materials where atoms are situated in a repeating/periodic array
over large atomic distances
✔✔Amorphous - ✔✔Materials which don't crystallize
✔✔Lattice - ✔✔A 3-D array of points coinciding with atomic positions
✔✔Unit Cells (2 points) - ✔✔1)Shows the symmetry of crystal structure
2)The basic building block of the crystal
✔✔Metallic Crystal Structures (3 points) - ✔✔1)Non directional
2)Dense atomic packing
3) 3 common crystal structures
✔✔Face Centered Cubic FCC(atoms shared numbers) - ✔✔Lower atoms shared:8
Face atoms shared:2
Coordination number:12
, APF: 0.74
✔✔Body Centered Cubic BCC (atoms shared numbers) - ✔✔Corner atoms shared:8
Face atoms shared: 1
Coordination number:8
APF:0.68
✔✔Hexagonal Close Packed HPC - ✔✔Corners share atoms
Coordination number 12
APF: 0.74
✔✔Polymorphism - ✔✔Contain more than one crystal structure, condition is known as
alltropy
✔✔Crystallographic Directions (4 points) - ✔✔1)Always => vectors start at origin
2)Length measured in terms of unit cell dimensions
3)Multiply/divide by common factor (turn into whole number)
4)[QWV] display reduced projections
✔✔Hexagonal Crystals - ✔✔We use a 4-axis coordinate system called the miller-
brauais system
Remember the math involved
✔✔The Miller Indices (4 points) - ✔✔1) Plane must pass through origin
2)Determine lattice parameters a,b,c
3)Take the reciprocals of each (infinite planes =>sigma)
4)Enclose and display through [h,k,c]
✔✔Close Packed Crystal Structures (2 Types) - ✔✔1)HCP: ABABABAB
2)FCC:ABCABCABC
✔✔The single crystal (3 points) - ✔✔1)The repetition of the same pattern extending
through a whole specimen
2)Hard to grow in environment
3)Produce a regular geometric shape having a flat surface
✔✔Poly-crystalline Materials (2 Points) - ✔✔1)Contains many small crystals (grains) in
one place
2)there will exist a mismatch at the boundary. this is called the grain boundary
✔✔Anistropy (3 points) - ✔✔1)The change of directional properties effecting a material
behaviors ti electrical conductivity, index of refraction, etc
2)Substances do not have an change in behavior with different directions are termed
isotrophic
3)The degree of anistropy increases with a decrease in symmetry
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Quantum Numbers (4 parameters to describe e) - ✔✔1)Size
2)Shape
3)Spatial orientation
4)Probability density
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 1 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter K
Sub-shell S
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 2 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter L
Sub-shell s,p
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 3 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter M
Sub-shell s,p,d
✔✔Principle Quantum Number 4 (shell letter, and sub-shell) - ✔✔Shell letter N
Sub-shell s,p,d,f
✔✔Electron Spin Movement - ✔✔+1/2, -1/2
✔✔Ground State - ✔✔electrons occupy all the lowest energy states
✔✔Hydrogen ground state - ✔✔1s^1
✔✔Helium - ✔✔1s^2
✔✔Sodium - ✔✔1s^2,2s^2,2p^6,3s^1
✔✔Electropositive - ✔✔elements capable of giving up electrons
✔✔Electronegative - ✔✔elements ready to accept electrons
✔✔Bonding Energy - ✔✔Eo=energy required to separate the atoms
✔✔The Primary Bond (3 types) - ✔✔1)Ionic
2)Covalent
3)Metallic
✔✔Ionic Bonding (3 points) - ✔✔1)The transfer of electrons
2)The attraction bonding forces are coulombic (positive-negative ions)
3)Nonderectional
,✔✔Covalent bonding (3 points) - ✔✔1)the share of electrons
2)directional
3)Non-metallic elements
✔✔Metallic Bonding (3 points) - ✔✔1)Metals and alloys
2)electrons drift around through the solid
3)good at conducting heat and electricity
✔✔Secondary Bonds - ✔✔Dipoles are the separation of a positive with a negative
charge
✔✔Induced Dipole Bonds (4 points) - ✔✔1)weakest secondary bonds
2)spacial distribution changes forming a small induced dipole between two atoms
3)Fluctuates
4)low bonding energies and melting points
✔✔Polar Molecule Induced Dipole Bond - ✔✔Permanent dipole based on asymmetrical
arrangement of charged atoms
✔✔Permanent Dipole Bonds (3 points) - ✔✔1) Strongest
2)Hydrogen Bonding
3)High bonding energies and melting points
✔✔The structure of crystalline solids (3 types) - ✔✔1)Crystalline
2)Amorphous
3)Lattice
✔✔Crystalline - ✔✔Materials where atoms are situated in a repeating/periodic array
over large atomic distances
✔✔Amorphous - ✔✔Materials which don't crystallize
✔✔Lattice - ✔✔A 3-D array of points coinciding with atomic positions
✔✔Unit Cells (2 points) - ✔✔1)Shows the symmetry of crystal structure
2)The basic building block of the crystal
✔✔Metallic Crystal Structures (3 points) - ✔✔1)Non directional
2)Dense atomic packing
3) 3 common crystal structures
✔✔Face Centered Cubic FCC(atoms shared numbers) - ✔✔Lower atoms shared:8
Face atoms shared:2
Coordination number:12
, APF: 0.74
✔✔Body Centered Cubic BCC (atoms shared numbers) - ✔✔Corner atoms shared:8
Face atoms shared: 1
Coordination number:8
APF:0.68
✔✔Hexagonal Close Packed HPC - ✔✔Corners share atoms
Coordination number 12
APF: 0.74
✔✔Polymorphism - ✔✔Contain more than one crystal structure, condition is known as
alltropy
✔✔Crystallographic Directions (4 points) - ✔✔1)Always => vectors start at origin
2)Length measured in terms of unit cell dimensions
3)Multiply/divide by common factor (turn into whole number)
4)[QWV] display reduced projections
✔✔Hexagonal Crystals - ✔✔We use a 4-axis coordinate system called the miller-
brauais system
Remember the math involved
✔✔The Miller Indices (4 points) - ✔✔1) Plane must pass through origin
2)Determine lattice parameters a,b,c
3)Take the reciprocals of each (infinite planes =>sigma)
4)Enclose and display through [h,k,c]
✔✔Close Packed Crystal Structures (2 Types) - ✔✔1)HCP: ABABABAB
2)FCC:ABCABCABC
✔✔The single crystal (3 points) - ✔✔1)The repetition of the same pattern extending
through a whole specimen
2)Hard to grow in environment
3)Produce a regular geometric shape having a flat surface
✔✔Poly-crystalline Materials (2 Points) - ✔✔1)Contains many small crystals (grains) in
one place
2)there will exist a mismatch at the boundary. this is called the grain boundary
✔✔Anistropy (3 points) - ✔✔1)The change of directional properties effecting a material
behaviors ti electrical conductivity, index of refraction, etc
2)Substances do not have an change in behavior with different directions are termed
isotrophic
3)The degree of anistropy increases with a decrease in symmetry
