MTL 200 LATEST 2026 EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Fluctuating Induced Dipole Bonds - ✔✔a fluctuating induced dipole bonds is a
temporary bond due to some atomic vibrations or motion.
✔✔Polar Molecule Induced Dipole Bonds - ✔✔A polar molecule induced bond happens
when two polar molecules are attracted to their opposite sides. [Water Molecule]
✔✔Hydrogen Bonds - Permanent Dipole Bonds - ✔✔Hydrogen has some very strong
bonds to other atoms such as Cl, F.
✔✔Crystalline Material - ✔✔One in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or
periodic array over large atomic distances
✔✔Unit Cell - ✔✔a basic structural unit of a crystal structure, defined in terms of
geometry and atom positions within a parallelepiped volume.
✔✔FCC Number of Atoms, Coordination Number and APF - ✔✔4 atoms in Unit Cell
12 Coordination Number
APF is 0.74 or 74%
✔✔BCC Number of Atoms, Coordination Number and APF - ✔✔2 atoms in Unit Cell
8 Coordination Number
APF is 0.68 or 68%
✔✔HCP Number of Atoms, Coordination Number and APF - ✔✔6 atoms in Unit Cell
12 Coordination Number
APF is 0.74 or 74%
✔✔For BCC, the relation between the atomic radius and unit cell length -
✔✔a=4R/sqrt(3)
✔✔For FCC, the relation between the atomic radius and unit cell length - ✔✔a =
2Rsqrt(2)
✔✔Polymorphism - ✔✔The phenomenon of a solid material to exist in more than one
form of crystal structure.
✔✔Allotropy - ✔✔Polymorphism but in Elements.
✔✔Linear Density Formula - ✔✔Number of Atoms in a Direction Vector/Length of
Direction Vector
, ✔✔Planar Density Formula - ✔✔Number of Atoms centered on a Plane / Area of Plane
✔✔HCP Closest Packed Plane and Stacking Pattern - ✔✔(0001) and ABABAB...
✔✔FCC Closest Packed Plane and Stacking Pattern - ✔✔(111) and ABCABCABC...
✔✔single crystal - ✔✔A crystalline solid for which the periodic and repeated atomic
pattern extends throughout its entirety without interruption.
✔✔Polycrystalline - ✔✔Crystalline materials composed of more than one crystal or
grain.
✔✔Anisotropy - ✔✔Exhibiting different values of a property in different crystallographic
directions. (Greater Electrical Conductivity in a Certain Plane)
✔✔Isotropy - ✔✔having the same properties in all directions
✔✔Bragg's Law - ✔✔nλ=2dsinθ--> fundamental equation of diffraction. It states that
diffraction occurs at specific values of , where is determined by the wavelength of the
radiation and the interplanar spacing
✔✔What is the diffraction angle? - ✔✔The diffraction angle is 2θ, so theta is half the
diffraction angle.
✔✔d_hkl formula - ✔✔
✔✔Sufficient Conditions for Diffraction in FCC and BCC - ✔✔FCC: h,k and l must all be
odd
BCC: h + k + l = even
✔✔Two types of Point Defects - ✔✔Self-Interstitial and Vacancies
✔✔self-interstitial - ✔✔A host atom or ion positioned on an interstitial lattice site.
✔✔vacancy - ✔✔unfilled position; unoccupied apartment or room
✔✔Solid Solution - ✔✔A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more
chemical species. Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.
✔✔alloy - ✔✔A mixture of two or more metals
✔✔Two types of Solid Solution - ✔✔Substitutional and Interstitial
✔✔Factors affecting the Solubility of Substitutional Solid Solutions - ✔✔1. Atomic Size
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Fluctuating Induced Dipole Bonds - ✔✔a fluctuating induced dipole bonds is a
temporary bond due to some atomic vibrations or motion.
✔✔Polar Molecule Induced Dipole Bonds - ✔✔A polar molecule induced bond happens
when two polar molecules are attracted to their opposite sides. [Water Molecule]
✔✔Hydrogen Bonds - Permanent Dipole Bonds - ✔✔Hydrogen has some very strong
bonds to other atoms such as Cl, F.
✔✔Crystalline Material - ✔✔One in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or
periodic array over large atomic distances
✔✔Unit Cell - ✔✔a basic structural unit of a crystal structure, defined in terms of
geometry and atom positions within a parallelepiped volume.
✔✔FCC Number of Atoms, Coordination Number and APF - ✔✔4 atoms in Unit Cell
12 Coordination Number
APF is 0.74 or 74%
✔✔BCC Number of Atoms, Coordination Number and APF - ✔✔2 atoms in Unit Cell
8 Coordination Number
APF is 0.68 or 68%
✔✔HCP Number of Atoms, Coordination Number and APF - ✔✔6 atoms in Unit Cell
12 Coordination Number
APF is 0.74 or 74%
✔✔For BCC, the relation between the atomic radius and unit cell length -
✔✔a=4R/sqrt(3)
✔✔For FCC, the relation between the atomic radius and unit cell length - ✔✔a =
2Rsqrt(2)
✔✔Polymorphism - ✔✔The phenomenon of a solid material to exist in more than one
form of crystal structure.
✔✔Allotropy - ✔✔Polymorphism but in Elements.
✔✔Linear Density Formula - ✔✔Number of Atoms in a Direction Vector/Length of
Direction Vector
, ✔✔Planar Density Formula - ✔✔Number of Atoms centered on a Plane / Area of Plane
✔✔HCP Closest Packed Plane and Stacking Pattern - ✔✔(0001) and ABABAB...
✔✔FCC Closest Packed Plane and Stacking Pattern - ✔✔(111) and ABCABCABC...
✔✔single crystal - ✔✔A crystalline solid for which the periodic and repeated atomic
pattern extends throughout its entirety without interruption.
✔✔Polycrystalline - ✔✔Crystalline materials composed of more than one crystal or
grain.
✔✔Anisotropy - ✔✔Exhibiting different values of a property in different crystallographic
directions. (Greater Electrical Conductivity in a Certain Plane)
✔✔Isotropy - ✔✔having the same properties in all directions
✔✔Bragg's Law - ✔✔nλ=2dsinθ--> fundamental equation of diffraction. It states that
diffraction occurs at specific values of , where is determined by the wavelength of the
radiation and the interplanar spacing
✔✔What is the diffraction angle? - ✔✔The diffraction angle is 2θ, so theta is half the
diffraction angle.
✔✔d_hkl formula - ✔✔
✔✔Sufficient Conditions for Diffraction in FCC and BCC - ✔✔FCC: h,k and l must all be
odd
BCC: h + k + l = even
✔✔Two types of Point Defects - ✔✔Self-Interstitial and Vacancies
✔✔self-interstitial - ✔✔A host atom or ion positioned on an interstitial lattice site.
✔✔vacancy - ✔✔unfilled position; unoccupied apartment or room
✔✔Solid Solution - ✔✔A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more
chemical species. Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.
✔✔alloy - ✔✔A mixture of two or more metals
✔✔Two types of Solid Solution - ✔✔Substitutional and Interstitial
✔✔Factors affecting the Solubility of Substitutional Solid Solutions - ✔✔1. Atomic Size
