RASMUSSEN PATHO LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is the difference between Hepatitis and Cirrhosis? - ✔✔Hepatitis: inflammation
of the liver due to viral hepatitis A,B,C,D,E
Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver due to hepatitis, EtOH use etc
✔✔What are the S/SX of hepatitis and Cirrhosis? - ✔✔-Portal HTN, Esophageal
varices, hemorrhoids, jaundice
> AST, ALT
-Hepatic Encephalopathy (confusion due to increased ammonia)
✔✔What is cystitis and what are some risk factors?? - ✔✔inflammation of the bladder
-Cause by UTI (E.coli)
-female gender, BPH
✔✔What is Enuresis? - ✔✔night wetting/ bed wetting
✔✔What is some chronic disease that causes incontinence? - ✔✔Diabetes, kidney
disease
✔✔What is Stress and Urge incontinence? - ✔✔-Stress: leakage from coughing,
sneezing
*most is due to weak pelvic muscle*
Urge: urgent need to void, overactive bladder, muscle weakness
✔✔What is Overflow, functional incontinence, and MIxed? - ✔✔Overflow: continuous
leaking or dribbling (spinal cord injury)
Functional: physical or mental impairment (depending in ADLs, leg injury)
Mixed: mixture of 2 or more
✔✔What is Transient, Reflex, Gross total incontinence? - ✔✔Transient: temporary due
to infection, delirium, medication(short live)
Reflex: trauma or damage to nervous system
-Gross total: lack of bladder storage
✔✔Which type of viral hepatitis is transmitted by fecal to oral Route? - ✔✔A&E
✔✔How is viral hepatitis B,C, D transmitted - ✔✔-Blood, bodily fluid, needles
, ✔✔Which of the viral hepatitis has vaccine available in the United State? - ✔✔A&B
✔✔What is pseudomembranous colitis (cdiff) and what is the cause? - ✔✔-An acute
inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine which cause the intestinal lining not to
absorb well
-Exposure to long term antibiotics that offset the e.coli and c.diff balance in the intestine
- causes severe diarrhea
✔✔What are some of the manifestation of C-diff? - ✔✔-Foul-smelling/ bloody stool
-Diarrhea
-Abdominal pain, fever
-leukocytosis
-Sepsis
✔✔How do we treat or prevent C-diff prevent it? - ✔✔-Stop current antibiotics
-Treat ischemia (blood flow) and contributing conditions
-Give Pt antibiotics such as vancomycin, metronidazole, fecal transplant, or colectomy if
severe
-Wear PPE and wash hands with soap and water
✔✔What is Pyelonephritis and what is it Etiology? - ✔✔-Kidney infection/ inflammation
-caused by a type of ascending UTI (E. coli)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation and complication of Pyelonephritis? - ✔✔-UTI s/sx,
FLANK PAIN (CVA tenderness)
-Complications: Sepsis, CKD/AKI, abscesses
✔✔What is Nephrolithiasis and what is it caused by? - ✔✔-Kidney stones
caused by: dehydration >CA intake, GOUT (uric)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation of Nephrolithiasis and what are some complications?
- ✔✔UTI, Severe CVA tenderness
-BLood in urine, fever
complications: infection, surgery etc.
✔✔What are manifestation of Nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔-Proteinuria(hallmark)Gross
hematuria, urinary cast and leukocytes
✔✔What is Glomerulonephritis and what is the etiology? - ✔✔-Inflammation of the
Glomerulonephritis
-Caused by infection, strep, etc
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is the difference between Hepatitis and Cirrhosis? - ✔✔Hepatitis: inflammation
of the liver due to viral hepatitis A,B,C,D,E
Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver due to hepatitis, EtOH use etc
✔✔What are the S/SX of hepatitis and Cirrhosis? - ✔✔-Portal HTN, Esophageal
varices, hemorrhoids, jaundice
> AST, ALT
-Hepatic Encephalopathy (confusion due to increased ammonia)
✔✔What is cystitis and what are some risk factors?? - ✔✔inflammation of the bladder
-Cause by UTI (E.coli)
-female gender, BPH
✔✔What is Enuresis? - ✔✔night wetting/ bed wetting
✔✔What is some chronic disease that causes incontinence? - ✔✔Diabetes, kidney
disease
✔✔What is Stress and Urge incontinence? - ✔✔-Stress: leakage from coughing,
sneezing
*most is due to weak pelvic muscle*
Urge: urgent need to void, overactive bladder, muscle weakness
✔✔What is Overflow, functional incontinence, and MIxed? - ✔✔Overflow: continuous
leaking or dribbling (spinal cord injury)
Functional: physical or mental impairment (depending in ADLs, leg injury)
Mixed: mixture of 2 or more
✔✔What is Transient, Reflex, Gross total incontinence? - ✔✔Transient: temporary due
to infection, delirium, medication(short live)
Reflex: trauma or damage to nervous system
-Gross total: lack of bladder storage
✔✔Which type of viral hepatitis is transmitted by fecal to oral Route? - ✔✔A&E
✔✔How is viral hepatitis B,C, D transmitted - ✔✔-Blood, bodily fluid, needles
, ✔✔Which of the viral hepatitis has vaccine available in the United State? - ✔✔A&B
✔✔What is pseudomembranous colitis (cdiff) and what is the cause? - ✔✔-An acute
inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine which cause the intestinal lining not to
absorb well
-Exposure to long term antibiotics that offset the e.coli and c.diff balance in the intestine
- causes severe diarrhea
✔✔What are some of the manifestation of C-diff? - ✔✔-Foul-smelling/ bloody stool
-Diarrhea
-Abdominal pain, fever
-leukocytosis
-Sepsis
✔✔How do we treat or prevent C-diff prevent it? - ✔✔-Stop current antibiotics
-Treat ischemia (blood flow) and contributing conditions
-Give Pt antibiotics such as vancomycin, metronidazole, fecal transplant, or colectomy if
severe
-Wear PPE and wash hands with soap and water
✔✔What is Pyelonephritis and what is it Etiology? - ✔✔-Kidney infection/ inflammation
-caused by a type of ascending UTI (E. coli)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation and complication of Pyelonephritis? - ✔✔-UTI s/sx,
FLANK PAIN (CVA tenderness)
-Complications: Sepsis, CKD/AKI, abscesses
✔✔What is Nephrolithiasis and what is it caused by? - ✔✔-Kidney stones
caused by: dehydration >CA intake, GOUT (uric)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation of Nephrolithiasis and what are some complications?
- ✔✔UTI, Severe CVA tenderness
-BLood in urine, fever
complications: infection, surgery etc.
✔✔What are manifestation of Nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔-Proteinuria(hallmark)Gross
hematuria, urinary cast and leukocytes
✔✔What is Glomerulonephritis and what is the etiology? - ✔✔-Inflammation of the
Glomerulonephritis
-Caused by infection, strep, etc
