RASMUSSEN PATHO LATEST 2026 MAIN FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔How do we treat or prevent C-diff prevent it? - ✔✔-Stop current antibiotics
-Treat ischemia (blood flow) and contributing conditions
-Give Pt antibiotics such as vancomycin, metronidazole, fecal transplant, or colectomy if
severe
-Wear PPE and wash hands with soap and water
✔✔What is Pyelonephritis and what is it Etiology? - ✔✔-Kidney infection/ inflammation
-caused by a type of ascending UTI (E. coli)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation and complication of Pyelonephritis? - ✔✔-UTI s/sx,
FLANK PAIN (CVA tenderness)
-Complications: Sepsis, CKD/AKI, abscesses
✔✔What is Nephrolithiasis and what is it caused by? - ✔✔-Kidney stones
caused by: dehydration >CA intake, GOUT (uric)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation of Nephrolithiasis and what are some complications?
- ✔✔UTI, Severe CVA tenderness
-BLood in urine, fever
complications: infection, surgery etc.
✔✔What are manifestation of Nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔-Proteinuria(hallmark)Gross
hematuria, urinary cast and leukocytes
✔✔What is Glomerulonephritis and what is the etiology? - ✔✔-Inflammation of the
Glomerulonephritis
-Caused by infection, strep, etc
✔✔What are some clinical manifestation and complication of Glomerulonephritis? -
✔✔Dark urine, edema, oliguria(less urine output), HTN, Proteinuria
-Complications: AKI, CKI
PROTEINURIA: Clinical manifestation
✔✔What labs would be affected by AKI or CKD - ✔✔-BUN, Creatinine (increase)
-GFR decreases
-Electrolytes (K, Ca, etc)
✔✔What is the etiology of prerenal in relation to AKI? - ✔✔-Disruption of blood flow to
kidneys
-burns, hypotension/shock, dehydration
, ✔✔What is the etiology of Intrarenal in relation to AKI? - ✔✔Damage to the kidney itself
(blood vessel, nephrons, tubules etc)
-Glomerulonephritis, emboli or vascular changes
✔✔What is the etiology of Postrenal in relation to AKI? - ✔✔Obstruction or disruption to
the urine outflow
-Bladder cancer, colon cancer, BPH
✔✔What are some common causes of CKD ? - ✔✔-Common causes are: changes in
blood pressure (when there is less blood going through the kidney, causes less
opportunity to filter)
✔✔What are the Risk factors of CKD? - ✔✔Diabetes & Hypertension
-Family history, previous kidney damage
✔✔What is the main cause of first time pancreatitis? - ✔✔gallstones
-heavy alcohol use
✔✔What is the goal of Dialysis - ✔✔To remove waste and excess fluids
-Electrolytes balance
✔✔What are the two major inflammatory bowel disease? - ✔✔Ulcerative Colitis and
Crohn's disease
✔✔What are the clinical manifestation of AKI (acute kidney injury) 4 phases? - ✔✔-
Initial (Asymptomatic)
-Oliguric: (low urine output <400ml, hypervolemia, < GFR)
-Diuretic: Increase urine output >5Liter, everything starts to go back to normal
-Recovery: everything is back to normal
✔✔What is the most important thing to know about the 5 stages of CKD? - ✔✔From
stage 1-5 GFR level decrease
-Stage 1 : >90ml/min
-Stage 5: <15ml/min (patient will require dialysis)
✔✔Stages of CKD according to Nephron Loss
Decrease renal reserve, Renal Insufficiency, End-stage renal disease - ✔✔Decreased
renal Reserve: Some nephron are damage ut you are still able to function normally
-More than <75%
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔How do we treat or prevent C-diff prevent it? - ✔✔-Stop current antibiotics
-Treat ischemia (blood flow) and contributing conditions
-Give Pt antibiotics such as vancomycin, metronidazole, fecal transplant, or colectomy if
severe
-Wear PPE and wash hands with soap and water
✔✔What is Pyelonephritis and what is it Etiology? - ✔✔-Kidney infection/ inflammation
-caused by a type of ascending UTI (E. coli)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation and complication of Pyelonephritis? - ✔✔-UTI s/sx,
FLANK PAIN (CVA tenderness)
-Complications: Sepsis, CKD/AKI, abscesses
✔✔What is Nephrolithiasis and what is it caused by? - ✔✔-Kidney stones
caused by: dehydration >CA intake, GOUT (uric)
✔✔What are clinical manifestation of Nephrolithiasis and what are some complications?
- ✔✔UTI, Severe CVA tenderness
-BLood in urine, fever
complications: infection, surgery etc.
✔✔What are manifestation of Nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔-Proteinuria(hallmark)Gross
hematuria, urinary cast and leukocytes
✔✔What is Glomerulonephritis and what is the etiology? - ✔✔-Inflammation of the
Glomerulonephritis
-Caused by infection, strep, etc
✔✔What are some clinical manifestation and complication of Glomerulonephritis? -
✔✔Dark urine, edema, oliguria(less urine output), HTN, Proteinuria
-Complications: AKI, CKI
PROTEINURIA: Clinical manifestation
✔✔What labs would be affected by AKI or CKD - ✔✔-BUN, Creatinine (increase)
-GFR decreases
-Electrolytes (K, Ca, etc)
✔✔What is the etiology of prerenal in relation to AKI? - ✔✔-Disruption of blood flow to
kidneys
-burns, hypotension/shock, dehydration
, ✔✔What is the etiology of Intrarenal in relation to AKI? - ✔✔Damage to the kidney itself
(blood vessel, nephrons, tubules etc)
-Glomerulonephritis, emboli or vascular changes
✔✔What is the etiology of Postrenal in relation to AKI? - ✔✔Obstruction or disruption to
the urine outflow
-Bladder cancer, colon cancer, BPH
✔✔What are some common causes of CKD ? - ✔✔-Common causes are: changes in
blood pressure (when there is less blood going through the kidney, causes less
opportunity to filter)
✔✔What are the Risk factors of CKD? - ✔✔Diabetes & Hypertension
-Family history, previous kidney damage
✔✔What is the main cause of first time pancreatitis? - ✔✔gallstones
-heavy alcohol use
✔✔What is the goal of Dialysis - ✔✔To remove waste and excess fluids
-Electrolytes balance
✔✔What are the two major inflammatory bowel disease? - ✔✔Ulcerative Colitis and
Crohn's disease
✔✔What are the clinical manifestation of AKI (acute kidney injury) 4 phases? - ✔✔-
Initial (Asymptomatic)
-Oliguric: (low urine output <400ml, hypervolemia, < GFR)
-Diuretic: Increase urine output >5Liter, everything starts to go back to normal
-Recovery: everything is back to normal
✔✔What is the most important thing to know about the 5 stages of CKD? - ✔✔From
stage 1-5 GFR level decrease
-Stage 1 : >90ml/min
-Stage 5: <15ml/min (patient will require dialysis)
✔✔Stages of CKD according to Nephron Loss
Decrease renal reserve, Renal Insufficiency, End-stage renal disease - ✔✔Decreased
renal Reserve: Some nephron are damage ut you are still able to function normally
-More than <75%
