RASMUSSEN PATHO LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔end-stage renal disease - ✔✔The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from
diabetes, chronic hypertension, or glomerulonephritis) is marked by the complete or
nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function. Nausea.
Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue and weakness.
Sleep problems.
Changes in how much you urinate.
Decreased mental sharpness.
Muscle twitches and cramps.
✔✔patient has dizziness, increased heart rate, and just had dialysis, what would you
do? - ✔✔take vitals, take ECG, electrolyte panal
✔✔Cushing's disease - ✔✔too much ACTH
gain water weight
bleed easily
bone density reduced
lathargic
moon face
personality changes
gynecomastia
Øterm only used for pituitary hyperstimulation of adrenal cortex; secretes excess
cortisol
✔✔pyelonephritis - ✔✔inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
✔✔diabetes insipidus - ✔✔antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the
kidney is resistant to its effect
✔✔Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) - ✔✔ØExcessive ADH
from ectopic production from tumors, notably primary lung malignancies
ØExcess ADH stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb water despite decreased blood
osmolality.
symptoms:
ØAdrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism can cause increased ADH secretion and
hyponatremia.
ØHyponatremia
ØHigh urine osmolality
ØLow serum osmolality
ØWeakness, muscle cramps, N/V, postural BP changes, poor skin turgor, fatigue,
anorexia, lethargy
, ØConfusion, hemiparesis, seizures, coma
✔✔aldosteronism - ✔✔caused by an adenoma, usually unilateral, of the glomerulosa
cells of the adrenal cortex or, more rarely, by adrenal carcinoma or hyperplasia
S/S: Muscle cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Headache, Excessive thirst, & A frequent
need to urinate.
✔✔secondary aldosteronism - ✔✔reduced renal blood flow
S/S: High blood pressure, low level of potassium in the blood, Feeling tired all the time,
Headache, Muscle weakness, Numbness.
✔✔polyurea - ✔✔excessive urination
renal insufficiency
✔✔How is your body effected by fasting? - ✔✔the body runs out of glucose in blood
and glycogen stores in liver. hypoglycemia
✔✔glucoeogenesis - ✔✔body produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol
✔✔polyphagia - ✔✔excessive hunger
✔✔glycosuria - ✔✔presence of glucose in the urine
✔✔polyuria - ✔✔excessive urination
✔✔polydipsia - ✔✔excessive thirst
✔✔Why do women wipe from front to back - ✔✔it could spread e coli that can cause a
UTI
✔✔decreased GFR - ✔✔reduced kidney function that causes excess waste in the blood
✔✔What does adipose tissue have to do with type 1 diabetes - ✔✔adipose tissue can
absorb glucose
✔✔Chrones disease - ✔✔chronic inflammation of the L. intestine. More likely in persons
with depression/anxiety and between 15-25yrs. Late stage becomes fibrosed and
stenosis. Tx: symptoms. S/S: abd pain, diarrhea, distention, attacks following eating,
urgency to defecate. Complication: fissures, bowel obstruction. MED: Budesonide (anti-
inflam steroid)
✔✔Apendisitis - ✔✔inflammation of the appendix
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔end-stage renal disease - ✔✔The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from
diabetes, chronic hypertension, or glomerulonephritis) is marked by the complete or
nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function. Nausea.
Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue and weakness.
Sleep problems.
Changes in how much you urinate.
Decreased mental sharpness.
Muscle twitches and cramps.
✔✔patient has dizziness, increased heart rate, and just had dialysis, what would you
do? - ✔✔take vitals, take ECG, electrolyte panal
✔✔Cushing's disease - ✔✔too much ACTH
gain water weight
bleed easily
bone density reduced
lathargic
moon face
personality changes
gynecomastia
Øterm only used for pituitary hyperstimulation of adrenal cortex; secretes excess
cortisol
✔✔pyelonephritis - ✔✔inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
✔✔diabetes insipidus - ✔✔antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the
kidney is resistant to its effect
✔✔Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) - ✔✔ØExcessive ADH
from ectopic production from tumors, notably primary lung malignancies
ØExcess ADH stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb water despite decreased blood
osmolality.
symptoms:
ØAdrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism can cause increased ADH secretion and
hyponatremia.
ØHyponatremia
ØHigh urine osmolality
ØLow serum osmolality
ØWeakness, muscle cramps, N/V, postural BP changes, poor skin turgor, fatigue,
anorexia, lethargy
, ØConfusion, hemiparesis, seizures, coma
✔✔aldosteronism - ✔✔caused by an adenoma, usually unilateral, of the glomerulosa
cells of the adrenal cortex or, more rarely, by adrenal carcinoma or hyperplasia
S/S: Muscle cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Headache, Excessive thirst, & A frequent
need to urinate.
✔✔secondary aldosteronism - ✔✔reduced renal blood flow
S/S: High blood pressure, low level of potassium in the blood, Feeling tired all the time,
Headache, Muscle weakness, Numbness.
✔✔polyurea - ✔✔excessive urination
renal insufficiency
✔✔How is your body effected by fasting? - ✔✔the body runs out of glucose in blood
and glycogen stores in liver. hypoglycemia
✔✔glucoeogenesis - ✔✔body produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol
✔✔polyphagia - ✔✔excessive hunger
✔✔glycosuria - ✔✔presence of glucose in the urine
✔✔polyuria - ✔✔excessive urination
✔✔polydipsia - ✔✔excessive thirst
✔✔Why do women wipe from front to back - ✔✔it could spread e coli that can cause a
UTI
✔✔decreased GFR - ✔✔reduced kidney function that causes excess waste in the blood
✔✔What does adipose tissue have to do with type 1 diabetes - ✔✔adipose tissue can
absorb glucose
✔✔Chrones disease - ✔✔chronic inflammation of the L. intestine. More likely in persons
with depression/anxiety and between 15-25yrs. Late stage becomes fibrosed and
stenosis. Tx: symptoms. S/S: abd pain, diarrhea, distention, attacks following eating,
urgency to defecate. Complication: fissures, bowel obstruction. MED: Budesonide (anti-
inflam steroid)
✔✔Apendisitis - ✔✔inflammation of the appendix
