RASMUSSEN PATHO LATEST 2026 EXAMINATION SETS
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of
the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers
herniate through a weakened muscular layer. - ✔✔Diverticular Disease
✔✔May be congenital or acquired. Thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet and poor
bowel habits that result in chronic constipation. The muscular wall can become
weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools. More common in developed
countries where processed foods and low-fiber diets are typical. - ✔✔Diverticular
Disease
✔✔Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present -
✔✔Diverticulosis
✔✔Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter. Can
result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis,
hemorrhage, and shock. Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious -
✔✔Diverticulitis
✔✔Manifestations?: abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank
blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal
distension, constipation, obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and
leukocytosis - ✔✔Diverticular Disease
✔✔Consist of physical barriers, whereas functional obstructions result from GI tract
dysfunction. Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel. - ✔✔Mechanical
Bowel Obstruction
✔✔Caused by?: foreign bodies, adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus,
intussusception, strictures, Crohn's Disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease, and
fecal impaction. - ✔✔Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
✔✔Also called paralytic ileuses, usually result from neurologic impairment; intra-
abdominal surgery complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances; intra-
abdominal infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and
use of certain medications - ✔✔Functional Obstructions
✔✔Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that he metastasized from the breast,
lung, or other GI structures - ✔✔Liver Cancer
✔✔Causes of primary tumors in ____: chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis - ✔✔Liver Cancer
,✔✔Manifestations of?: Similar to those of other liver diseases. Include anorexia, fever,
jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant),
hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, third spacing, ascites,
paraneoplastic syndrome, diaphoresis, and weight loss. - ✔✔Liver Cancer
✔✔Inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. - ✔✔Pancreatitis
✔✔Causes of?: Cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs,
metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, and
penetrating peptic ulcer. - ✔✔Pancreatitis
✔✔______ causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate
autodigestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis. -
✔✔Pancreatic Injury
✔✔_____ is replaced by fibrosis, which causes exocrine and endocrine changes and
dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans - ✔✔Pancreatic Tissue
✔✔______ is considered a medical emergency. Mortality increases with advancing age
and comorbidity. - ✔✔Acute Pancreatitis
✔✔Complications of?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection,
shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition, pancreatic
cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess. - ✔✔Acute Pancreatitis
✔✔Manifestations of?: usually sudden and severe. Upper abdominal pain that radiates
to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or
pulling the knees toward the chest. Nausea and vomiting. Mild jaundice. Low-grade
fever. Blood pressure and pulse changes. - ✔✔Acute Pancreatitis
✔✔Manifestations of?: upper abdominal pain. Indigestion. Losing weight without trying.
Steatorrhea. Constipation. Flatuence. - ✔✔Chronic Pancreatitis
✔✔Inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi - ✔✔Cholecystitis
✔✔Varies in severity depending on size. May obstruct bile flow and cause gallbladder
rupture, fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and carcinoma -
✔✔Cholecystitis
✔✔Gallstones. A common condition that affects both genders and all ethic groups
relatively equally. - ✔✔Cholelithiasis
, ✔✔Risk factors of?: advancing age, obesity, diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy,
hormone replacement, and long-term parenteral nutrition. Calculi vary in size and
shape. - ✔✔Cholelithiasis
✔✔Manifestations of?: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice,
fever, and leukocytes - ✔✔Cholelthiasis
✔✔Sudden loss of renal function. Generally reversible. Most commonly occurs in
critically ill, hospitalized patients. - ✔✔Acute Renal Failure
✔✔Risk factors of?: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, and liver disease. -
✔✔Acute Renal Failure
✔✔Causes of Acute Renal Failure: ______. Extremely low blood pressure or blood
volume. Heart dysfunction - ✔✔Prerenal Conditions
✔✔Causes of Acute Renal Failure: _____. Reduced blood supply within the kidneys.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Renal inflammation. Toxic injury. - ✔✔Intrarenal
Conditions
✔✔Causes of Acute Renal Failure: _____. Ureter obstruction. Bladder obstruction and
dysfunction. - ✔✔Postrenal Conditions
✔✔The four phases of Acute Renal Failure. - ✔✔Asymptomatic Phase, Oliguric Phase,
Diuretic Phase, and Recovery Phase
✔✔Daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, such that waste
products begin to accumulate. - ✔✔Oliguric Phase
✔✔Daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L. - ✔✔Diuretic Phase
✔✔Glomerular function gradually returns to normal. - ✔✔Recovery Phase
✔✔Manifestations of?: decreasing urine output, electrolyte disturbances, fluid volume
excess, azotemia, and metabolic acidosis - ✔✔Oliguric Phase
✔✔Manifestations of?: increased urine output, electrolyte disturbances, dehydration,
and hypotension - ✔✔Diuretic Phase
✔✔Manifestations of?: symptoms begin resolving - ✔✔Recovery Phase
✔✔Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible. - ✔✔Chronic Kidney Disease
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of
the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers
herniate through a weakened muscular layer. - ✔✔Diverticular Disease
✔✔May be congenital or acquired. Thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet and poor
bowel habits that result in chronic constipation. The muscular wall can become
weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools. More common in developed
countries where processed foods and low-fiber diets are typical. - ✔✔Diverticular
Disease
✔✔Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present -
✔✔Diverticulosis
✔✔Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter. Can
result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis,
hemorrhage, and shock. Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious -
✔✔Diverticulitis
✔✔Manifestations?: abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank
blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal
distension, constipation, obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and
leukocytosis - ✔✔Diverticular Disease
✔✔Consist of physical barriers, whereas functional obstructions result from GI tract
dysfunction. Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel. - ✔✔Mechanical
Bowel Obstruction
✔✔Caused by?: foreign bodies, adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus,
intussusception, strictures, Crohn's Disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease, and
fecal impaction. - ✔✔Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
✔✔Also called paralytic ileuses, usually result from neurologic impairment; intra-
abdominal surgery complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances; intra-
abdominal infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and
use of certain medications - ✔✔Functional Obstructions
✔✔Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that he metastasized from the breast,
lung, or other GI structures - ✔✔Liver Cancer
✔✔Causes of primary tumors in ____: chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis - ✔✔Liver Cancer
,✔✔Manifestations of?: Similar to those of other liver diseases. Include anorexia, fever,
jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant),
hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, third spacing, ascites,
paraneoplastic syndrome, diaphoresis, and weight loss. - ✔✔Liver Cancer
✔✔Inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. - ✔✔Pancreatitis
✔✔Causes of?: Cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs,
metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, and
penetrating peptic ulcer. - ✔✔Pancreatitis
✔✔______ causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate
autodigestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis. -
✔✔Pancreatic Injury
✔✔_____ is replaced by fibrosis, which causes exocrine and endocrine changes and
dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans - ✔✔Pancreatic Tissue
✔✔______ is considered a medical emergency. Mortality increases with advancing age
and comorbidity. - ✔✔Acute Pancreatitis
✔✔Complications of?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection,
shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition, pancreatic
cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess. - ✔✔Acute Pancreatitis
✔✔Manifestations of?: usually sudden and severe. Upper abdominal pain that radiates
to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or
pulling the knees toward the chest. Nausea and vomiting. Mild jaundice. Low-grade
fever. Blood pressure and pulse changes. - ✔✔Acute Pancreatitis
✔✔Manifestations of?: upper abdominal pain. Indigestion. Losing weight without trying.
Steatorrhea. Constipation. Flatuence. - ✔✔Chronic Pancreatitis
✔✔Inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi - ✔✔Cholecystitis
✔✔Varies in severity depending on size. May obstruct bile flow and cause gallbladder
rupture, fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and carcinoma -
✔✔Cholecystitis
✔✔Gallstones. A common condition that affects both genders and all ethic groups
relatively equally. - ✔✔Cholelithiasis
, ✔✔Risk factors of?: advancing age, obesity, diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy,
hormone replacement, and long-term parenteral nutrition. Calculi vary in size and
shape. - ✔✔Cholelithiasis
✔✔Manifestations of?: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice,
fever, and leukocytes - ✔✔Cholelthiasis
✔✔Sudden loss of renal function. Generally reversible. Most commonly occurs in
critically ill, hospitalized patients. - ✔✔Acute Renal Failure
✔✔Risk factors of?: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, and liver disease. -
✔✔Acute Renal Failure
✔✔Causes of Acute Renal Failure: ______. Extremely low blood pressure or blood
volume. Heart dysfunction - ✔✔Prerenal Conditions
✔✔Causes of Acute Renal Failure: _____. Reduced blood supply within the kidneys.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Renal inflammation. Toxic injury. - ✔✔Intrarenal
Conditions
✔✔Causes of Acute Renal Failure: _____. Ureter obstruction. Bladder obstruction and
dysfunction. - ✔✔Postrenal Conditions
✔✔The four phases of Acute Renal Failure. - ✔✔Asymptomatic Phase, Oliguric Phase,
Diuretic Phase, and Recovery Phase
✔✔Daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, such that waste
products begin to accumulate. - ✔✔Oliguric Phase
✔✔Daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L. - ✔✔Diuretic Phase
✔✔Glomerular function gradually returns to normal. - ✔✔Recovery Phase
✔✔Manifestations of?: decreasing urine output, electrolyte disturbances, fluid volume
excess, azotemia, and metabolic acidosis - ✔✔Oliguric Phase
✔✔Manifestations of?: increased urine output, electrolyte disturbances, dehydration,
and hypotension - ✔✔Diuretic Phase
✔✔Manifestations of?: symptoms begin resolving - ✔✔Recovery Phase
✔✔Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible. - ✔✔Chronic Kidney Disease
