CBIS LATEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Neuroma - ✔✔when a nerve becomes entrapped in scar tissue
✔✔Headaches: 2 kinds - ✔✔Primary=has no specific cause.
Secondary=may have an identifiable cause.
acute v chronic: chronic is at least 15 days per month and not linked to overuse of med
withdrawl
✔✔Fatigue and sleep disturbance: occurs in how may ppl with what types BI -
✔✔Occurs in 32-73% of people with mild, moderate, or severe brain injury.
✔✔Physical Fatigue: associated with 2 things - ✔✔May be associated with muscle
weakness or other changes or injuries to the peripheral nervous system
✔✔Physiological fatigue: may result from 2 things - ✔✔May result from depletion of
energy, hormones, neurotransmitters, or a reduced number of neural connections,
secondary to brain injury.
✔✔Primary fatigue - ✔✔Results directly from injury or disease
✔✔Secondary fatigue - ✔✔relates to factors that may exacerbate fatigue-pain, sleep
disturbance, or stress.
✔✔. Structures involved in fatigue: 4 - ✔✔reticular activating system, hypothalamus,
limbic system, basal ganglia,
Other causes: growth hormone deficiency, a decline in hypocretin (a wake-promoting
neurotransmitter), anxiety, depression, changes in REM sleep, delayed circadian timing
Measures of Sleep Disturbance: The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth
Sleepiness Scale
✔✔The Coping Hypothesis: - ✔✔Fatigue may result from the compensatory effort
needed to meet the demands of everyday life in the presence of cognitive deficits
(attention, proc. speed).
✔✔The Olmstead Decision - ✔✔Supreme court ruling (1999): states must administer
their services, programs, and activities, "in the most integrated setting appropriate to the
needs of qualified individuals with disabilities." This is in accordance with Title II of the
ADA Act.
✔✔Aging with a Brain Injury-Chapter 8
With advances people...
, rate of TBI - ✔✔-With advances in trauma care, more people survive BIs and live for
decades
-Overall, the rate of TBI-related deaths is declining
✔✔what are predominant factors at 5-10 years post injury - ✔✔relating to disability were
cognitive, behavior, and personality changes rather than physical changes
-Psychiatric issues are exacerbated after BI.
✔✔Older adults with TBI: lower scores on, but no relative difference in - ✔✔Lower
scores on measures of attention and verbal memory but no relative difference in relative
cognitive decline over a 2-5 year period.
✔✔TBI and Alzheimer's disease - ✔✔No definitive link between TBI and Alzheimer's
✔✔TBI and Depression - ✔✔Rate is higher for those with TBI compared to those
without.
✔✔Life expectancy - ✔✔TBI increases mortality rate and decreases life expectancy,
and diminishes quality of life.
✔✔Successful Aging after brain injury - ✔✔Exercise, heart health, staying mentally
active
✔✔Physical Complications-Chapter 9
what are the motor learning principle stages (3) - ✔✔Motor Learning Principles: (p. 162)
Stages:
1. Cognitive-the person has to think and plan the task and relies heavily on vision and a
consistent environment.
2. Associative-Fewer errors and extraneous movements made, guided by motivation,
appropriate feedback, and organization of the practice.
3. Autonomous-minimal cognitive processes occur. A distractible environ. plays little
interference. Few errors occur.
✔✔Motor Learning cont. - ✔✔Feedback-one of the most important factors in new skill
learning.
Practice-second major influence on motor learning.
✔✔Environmental influence-2 kinds - ✔✔Open vs. closed environments.
Open=variable and always changing, includes distractions
Closed=same/familiar conditions, minimal distractions
✔✔Key concepts of motor learning: 4 - ✔✔Repetition, intensity, feedback, environment
✔✔Hydrocephalus - ✔✔abnormal accumulation of CFS fluid within the ventricles.
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Neuroma - ✔✔when a nerve becomes entrapped in scar tissue
✔✔Headaches: 2 kinds - ✔✔Primary=has no specific cause.
Secondary=may have an identifiable cause.
acute v chronic: chronic is at least 15 days per month and not linked to overuse of med
withdrawl
✔✔Fatigue and sleep disturbance: occurs in how may ppl with what types BI -
✔✔Occurs in 32-73% of people with mild, moderate, or severe brain injury.
✔✔Physical Fatigue: associated with 2 things - ✔✔May be associated with muscle
weakness or other changes or injuries to the peripheral nervous system
✔✔Physiological fatigue: may result from 2 things - ✔✔May result from depletion of
energy, hormones, neurotransmitters, or a reduced number of neural connections,
secondary to brain injury.
✔✔Primary fatigue - ✔✔Results directly from injury or disease
✔✔Secondary fatigue - ✔✔relates to factors that may exacerbate fatigue-pain, sleep
disturbance, or stress.
✔✔. Structures involved in fatigue: 4 - ✔✔reticular activating system, hypothalamus,
limbic system, basal ganglia,
Other causes: growth hormone deficiency, a decline in hypocretin (a wake-promoting
neurotransmitter), anxiety, depression, changes in REM sleep, delayed circadian timing
Measures of Sleep Disturbance: The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth
Sleepiness Scale
✔✔The Coping Hypothesis: - ✔✔Fatigue may result from the compensatory effort
needed to meet the demands of everyday life in the presence of cognitive deficits
(attention, proc. speed).
✔✔The Olmstead Decision - ✔✔Supreme court ruling (1999): states must administer
their services, programs, and activities, "in the most integrated setting appropriate to the
needs of qualified individuals with disabilities." This is in accordance with Title II of the
ADA Act.
✔✔Aging with a Brain Injury-Chapter 8
With advances people...
, rate of TBI - ✔✔-With advances in trauma care, more people survive BIs and live for
decades
-Overall, the rate of TBI-related deaths is declining
✔✔what are predominant factors at 5-10 years post injury - ✔✔relating to disability were
cognitive, behavior, and personality changes rather than physical changes
-Psychiatric issues are exacerbated after BI.
✔✔Older adults with TBI: lower scores on, but no relative difference in - ✔✔Lower
scores on measures of attention and verbal memory but no relative difference in relative
cognitive decline over a 2-5 year period.
✔✔TBI and Alzheimer's disease - ✔✔No definitive link between TBI and Alzheimer's
✔✔TBI and Depression - ✔✔Rate is higher for those with TBI compared to those
without.
✔✔Life expectancy - ✔✔TBI increases mortality rate and decreases life expectancy,
and diminishes quality of life.
✔✔Successful Aging after brain injury - ✔✔Exercise, heart health, staying mentally
active
✔✔Physical Complications-Chapter 9
what are the motor learning principle stages (3) - ✔✔Motor Learning Principles: (p. 162)
Stages:
1. Cognitive-the person has to think and plan the task and relies heavily on vision and a
consistent environment.
2. Associative-Fewer errors and extraneous movements made, guided by motivation,
appropriate feedback, and organization of the practice.
3. Autonomous-minimal cognitive processes occur. A distractible environ. plays little
interference. Few errors occur.
✔✔Motor Learning cont. - ✔✔Feedback-one of the most important factors in new skill
learning.
Practice-second major influence on motor learning.
✔✔Environmental influence-2 kinds - ✔✔Open vs. closed environments.
Open=variable and always changing, includes distractions
Closed=same/familiar conditions, minimal distractions
✔✔Key concepts of motor learning: 4 - ✔✔Repetition, intensity, feedback, environment
✔✔Hydrocephalus - ✔✔abnormal accumulation of CFS fluid within the ventricles.
