NUR2063 Patho Exam 1 Study Guide Essentials of Pathophysiology (Rasmussen University)

Exam Guidelines: 50 questions in 75 min = 1.5 minutes per question. Respondus Lockdown Browser is required, make sure browser if functional before exam. Study guide material should be obtained from textbook, use lecture as a chapter overview. Call IT if needed or email for proof of issue The following are Key Concepts covered on Exam 1. 1. Define a symptom • Clinical manifestations that are described by the patient 2. Describe homeostasis • Equilibrium, self-regulating, responds to minor changes in the body’s status through compensation mechanisms – counteract changes and return body to its normal state 3. Epinephrine is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome 4. Epinephrine is released during a stress response 5. Know the function of mitochondria • Cellular respiration and energy production • Complete breakdown of glucose = nicotine adenine dinucleotide and ATP for cellular energy (cellular respiration) 6. Know the effective of the RAAS system – vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (in the kidneys) • Renal blood flow decreases  renin is released from kidneys  activates angiotensin I  converted to angiotensin II  stimulates aldosterone secretion • In hypotensive states, this raises blood pressure and maintain blood supply to vital organs • In hypertension, it is inappropriately activated because of vasoconstriction to the kidneys = increased hypertension 7. Define hyperplasia • An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissueNUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Module 4, EXAM 1 Study Guide Chapters: 1,2,3,12,13,14 oaded_by • Only occurs in cells that can perform mitotic division • Normal: menstruation, liver regeneration, wound healing • Abnormal: endometrial hyperplasia from oversecretion of estrogen and subsequent progesterone imbalance 8. Be able to apply the concept of homeostasis 9. Know the function of endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth/rough • SER: produces hormones and lipids, stores and metabolizes calcium ions, • RER: site of synthesis and transport of lysosomal enzymes and proteins for intra/extracellular use 10. Know the function of hormone renin • A protein • Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs, angiotensin II causes the kidneys to retain sodium, which = retaining water 11. Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema 12. What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? • Excessive sweating, diarrhea, hyperventilation, hemorrhage, excessive diuretics 13. What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? • Calcium 14. Know the symptoms of dehydration • Thirst, altered level of consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak thready pulse, flat jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss, sunken fontanelles 15. Define osmosis • Passive movement of water/another solvent from low solute concentration to high solute concentration 16. Know the clinical manifestations of fluid excess • Peripheral & periorbital edema • Anasarca (generalized edema; skin may weep fluid) • Cerebral edema • DyspneaNUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Module 4, EXAM 1 Study Guide Chapters: 1,2,3,12,13,14 oaded_by • Bounding pulse • Tachycardia • Jugular vein distention • Hypertension • Polyuria • Rapid weight gain (3lbs/week or 1-2lbs/day • Crackles • Bulging fontanelles 17. Extracellular fluid contains higher levels of these 2 electrolytes? • Sodium • Chloride 18. Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? • PotassiumNUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Module 4, EXAM 1 Study Guide Chapters: 1,2,3,12,13,14 oaded_by 19. Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? • Urine, feces, skin, respiratory tract 20. Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? • Correcting sodium levels too quickly can overload the heart from fluid shifting into the intravascular space 21. Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? • Calcium, phosphorous 22. Know the normal lab value range for potassium, sodium, calcium/what happens to the body when outside this range? • Sodium (Na+): • 135-145 mEq/L • Hypernatremia: cellular dehydration, hyperchloremia = neuro dysfunction, hypovolemia • Hyponatremia: hypochloremia = neuro dysfunction, GI disturbances, hypo/hypervolemia • Potassium (K+): • 3.5-5 mEq/L • Hyperkalemia: hyperchloremia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis = cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory dysfunction, and GI disturbances • Hypokalemia: hypochloremia, hypernatremia, metabolic alkalosis = cardio dysfunction, neuro dysfunction, GI disturbances • Calcium (Ca++): • 4-5 mEq/L or 8.6-10.2 mg/dL • Hypercalcemia: hyperchloremia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia = neuro dysfunction, cardio dysfunction, GI disturbances, renal issues • Hypocalcemia: Hypermagnesemia, hypophosphatemia = neuro dysfunction, cardio dysfunction, GI disturbances, hematologic dysfunctions, skeletal issues