Page 1 of 110
HONDROS BIO 253 EXAM 2/ BIO 253 | {LATEST
2026/ 2027 UPDATE} COMPLETE ACTUAL AND
AUTHENTIC EXAM | BRAND NEW!
Neurons (Chapter 18)
Communicating Cells
Cell body
-contains ribosomes, rough endoplasmic er, Golgi apparatus
-Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesticles
-provide proteins for nerve fibers
Axon
,Page 2 of 110
- each neuron has 1 axon
-carries impulses to target cells
Axon Hillock
Integrates incoming signals
Cytoskeleton
-microtubules of microfilaments, as well as neurofibrils (budles of
neufilaments)
,Page 3 of 110
-allows transport of small organelles
Classifications of neurons
-Multipolar (motor are typically multipolar)
Bipolar(rare, think of retina)
Unipolar(pseudounipolar)(sensory are usually unipolar
Neurons have a limited capacity to repair themselves
-If the damage is not extensive, the cell body and the neurilemma are
intact, and scarring has not occurred than nerve fibers can be repaired
, Page 4 of 110
Stages of neuron repair
-after injury distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath degenerate
-Macrophages remove debris
-remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the
point of injury to the effector
-new Shawanna cells can grow in the tunnel to maintain a path of
regrowth for the axon
Glia
The supporting cells of the central nervous system / 5 types
HONDROS BIO 253 EXAM 2/ BIO 253 | {LATEST
2026/ 2027 UPDATE} COMPLETE ACTUAL AND
AUTHENTIC EXAM | BRAND NEW!
Neurons (Chapter 18)
Communicating Cells
Cell body
-contains ribosomes, rough endoplasmic er, Golgi apparatus
-Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesticles
-provide proteins for nerve fibers
Axon
,Page 2 of 110
- each neuron has 1 axon
-carries impulses to target cells
Axon Hillock
Integrates incoming signals
Cytoskeleton
-microtubules of microfilaments, as well as neurofibrils (budles of
neufilaments)
,Page 3 of 110
-allows transport of small organelles
Classifications of neurons
-Multipolar (motor are typically multipolar)
Bipolar(rare, think of retina)
Unipolar(pseudounipolar)(sensory are usually unipolar
Neurons have a limited capacity to repair themselves
-If the damage is not extensive, the cell body and the neurilemma are
intact, and scarring has not occurred than nerve fibers can be repaired
, Page 4 of 110
Stages of neuron repair
-after injury distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath degenerate
-Macrophages remove debris
-remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the
point of injury to the effector
-new Shawanna cells can grow in the tunnel to maintain a path of
regrowth for the axon
Glia
The supporting cells of the central nervous system / 5 types
