General Systems Theory- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1936) - ANSWER-A common
framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and scholars to
organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others.
Components of Systems - ANSWER--Input: material that enters a system
-Throughput: processes a system uses to convert material
-Output: end result or product of the system
-Evaluation: measures the success or failure of the output
-Feedback: information given back into the system to determine whether the purpose or
end result of the system has been achieved
Hospital as a System - ANSWER-The success of the hospital depends on the functioning
of many subsystems
First: The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (its subsystems).
Second: Synergy occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a
result that is not independently achievable.
Supra-system - ANSWER-The larger environment outside the system
An OPEN system - ANSWER-promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and information
with other systems and the environment.
A CLOSED system - ANSWER-does not interact with other systems or with the
surrounding environment
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER-1) Physiologic needs - food, oxygen, rest,
activity, shelter, and sexual expression
,2) Physical and psychological safety and security - reasonably predictable environment
with which one has some familiarity and relative freedom from fear and chaos
3) Love and belonging - close intimate relations, social relations, a place in the social
structure
4) Self-esteem - need to feel self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
5) Self actualization - realized maximum potential
Various environmental systems: - ANSWER-family, cultural, social, poverty,
community/gloabl
WHO's definition of health: - ANSWER-a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Healthy People 2020 - ANSWER-addresses a small set of health issues that are
significant threats to the health and the public.
26 leading health indicators. These indicators are organized into 12 topic areas on
quality of life, healthy behaviors, and healthy human development across the life span.
Health Beliefs Model
Rosenstock (1966, 1990) - ANSWER-= "why some people change their health behaviors
while others do not."
Three components:
1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that
condition
2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be
3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior
Self-Efficacy Concept
Bandura (1997) - ANSWER-Self-efficacy is the belief in oneself as having the ability to
modify behavior
Four components for effective lifestyle change:
1) Information
2) Skill development
3) Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback
4) Creating social supports for change
Also described a type of socialization, modeling, which is useful when learning any new
behavior (1977).
Locus of control: - ANSWER-People tend to be influenced by either internal or external
view of control.
-Health is internally controlled. Belief that health is controlled by what they themselves
do.
OR
-Health is externally controlled. Belief that health is determined by outside factors.
, Holistic nursing care: - ANSWER-nourishes the whole person - the body, mind, and
spirit.
Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing:
1) Nursing is an open system
2) Nursing is the provision of health care services
3) Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families
4) Nursing is integrally involved with people
5) Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual differences, age, beliefs,
gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.
6) Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills
7) Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as
comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate patients' growth toward
wellness.
8) Nursing links theory and research
3 categories of beliefs: - ANSWER-1. Descriptive or existential beliefs are those that can
be shown to be true or false. An example of a descriptive belief is "The sun will come up
tomorrow morning."
2. Evaluative beliefs are those in which there is a judgment about good or bad. The
belief "Advanced life support for a 90-year-old is immoral" is an example of an
evaluative belief.
3. Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs are those in which
certain actions are judged to be desirable or undesirable. The belief "Every citizen of
voting age should vote in every election" is a prescriptive belief, whereas the belief
"People should not have sex outside of marriage" is a proscriptive belief. These two
types of beliefs are closely related to values.
Beliefs: - ANSWER-A belief represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true
or correct.
Belief systems that serve to guide thinking and decision making.
Beliefs are exhibited through attitudes and behaviors.
Values: - ANSWER-Values are the freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by
an individual, class, or group that give meaning and direction to life.
A value is an abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable.
Values define ideal modes of conduct and reflect what the individual or group endorses
and tries to emulate.
Values, like beliefs, are relatively stable and resistant to change.
Florence Nightingale's definition of nursing: - ANSWER-Notes on Nursing: What It Is and
What It Is Not (originally published 1859)
framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and scholars to
organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others.
Components of Systems - ANSWER--Input: material that enters a system
-Throughput: processes a system uses to convert material
-Output: end result or product of the system
-Evaluation: measures the success or failure of the output
-Feedback: information given back into the system to determine whether the purpose or
end result of the system has been achieved
Hospital as a System - ANSWER-The success of the hospital depends on the functioning
of many subsystems
First: The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (its subsystems).
Second: Synergy occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a
result that is not independently achievable.
Supra-system - ANSWER-The larger environment outside the system
An OPEN system - ANSWER-promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and information
with other systems and the environment.
A CLOSED system - ANSWER-does not interact with other systems or with the
surrounding environment
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER-1) Physiologic needs - food, oxygen, rest,
activity, shelter, and sexual expression
,2) Physical and psychological safety and security - reasonably predictable environment
with which one has some familiarity and relative freedom from fear and chaos
3) Love and belonging - close intimate relations, social relations, a place in the social
structure
4) Self-esteem - need to feel self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
5) Self actualization - realized maximum potential
Various environmental systems: - ANSWER-family, cultural, social, poverty,
community/gloabl
WHO's definition of health: - ANSWER-a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Healthy People 2020 - ANSWER-addresses a small set of health issues that are
significant threats to the health and the public.
26 leading health indicators. These indicators are organized into 12 topic areas on
quality of life, healthy behaviors, and healthy human development across the life span.
Health Beliefs Model
Rosenstock (1966, 1990) - ANSWER-= "why some people change their health behaviors
while others do not."
Three components:
1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that
condition
2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be
3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior
Self-Efficacy Concept
Bandura (1997) - ANSWER-Self-efficacy is the belief in oneself as having the ability to
modify behavior
Four components for effective lifestyle change:
1) Information
2) Skill development
3) Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback
4) Creating social supports for change
Also described a type of socialization, modeling, which is useful when learning any new
behavior (1977).
Locus of control: - ANSWER-People tend to be influenced by either internal or external
view of control.
-Health is internally controlled. Belief that health is controlled by what they themselves
do.
OR
-Health is externally controlled. Belief that health is determined by outside factors.
, Holistic nursing care: - ANSWER-nourishes the whole person - the body, mind, and
spirit.
Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing:
1) Nursing is an open system
2) Nursing is the provision of health care services
3) Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families
4) Nursing is integrally involved with people
5) Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual differences, age, beliefs,
gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.
6) Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills
7) Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as
comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate patients' growth toward
wellness.
8) Nursing links theory and research
3 categories of beliefs: - ANSWER-1. Descriptive or existential beliefs are those that can
be shown to be true or false. An example of a descriptive belief is "The sun will come up
tomorrow morning."
2. Evaluative beliefs are those in which there is a judgment about good or bad. The
belief "Advanced life support for a 90-year-old is immoral" is an example of an
evaluative belief.
3. Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs are those in which
certain actions are judged to be desirable or undesirable. The belief "Every citizen of
voting age should vote in every election" is a prescriptive belief, whereas the belief
"People should not have sex outside of marriage" is a proscriptive belief. These two
types of beliefs are closely related to values.
Beliefs: - ANSWER-A belief represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true
or correct.
Belief systems that serve to guide thinking and decision making.
Beliefs are exhibited through attitudes and behaviors.
Values: - ANSWER-Values are the freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by
an individual, class, or group that give meaning and direction to life.
A value is an abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable.
Values define ideal modes of conduct and reflect what the individual or group endorses
and tries to emulate.
Values, like beliefs, are relatively stable and resistant to change.
Florence Nightingale's definition of nursing: - ANSWER-Notes on Nursing: What It Is and
What It Is Not (originally published 1859)
