Pathophysiology Exam Review Modules 1-3
Module 1: Cells & Homeostasis
What are the General Adaptation Syndrome Stages?
- Stage 1: Alarm/Fight or Flight
- Stage 2: Resistance
- Stage 3: Exhaustion
What happens to our body during the fight or flight stage?
The stressor upsets homeostasis
What is being released from our body during the alarm stage (fight or flight)?
Catecholamines and cortisol
What is the function of a ribosome?
Aid in protein production and form clusters that are held together by DNA
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic information and controls the production of proteins
What is the function of the mitochondria?
It is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production – carries DNA
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism
What is diffusion?
Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across the cell membrane
– think H2O for water –
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across a membrane where assistance is needed
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, What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules without needing energy (ATP) to pass through
What substances have free movement?
Enzymes, Glucose, Electrolytes
What is meiosis?
Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms reduces the number of chromosomes in
gametes
What is mitosis?
Cells divide into two identically daughter cells
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating
What is exocytosis?
Exiting or expelling a protein out of a cell
What is carcinogenesis?
The development of cancer
What are the three stages of carcinogenesis?
- Initiation: Introduction of the agent
- Promotion: Initiation of uncontrolled growth
- Progression: Permanent malignant changes
What is cachexia?
A symptom of cancer – sunken eyes, weight loss, muscle loss, and no appetite
What is atrophy?
Decreases organelle size and lowers energy usage
What is hypertrophy?
Increases organelle size
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Module 1: Cells & Homeostasis
What are the General Adaptation Syndrome Stages?
- Stage 1: Alarm/Fight or Flight
- Stage 2: Resistance
- Stage 3: Exhaustion
What happens to our body during the fight or flight stage?
The stressor upsets homeostasis
What is being released from our body during the alarm stage (fight or flight)?
Catecholamines and cortisol
What is the function of a ribosome?
Aid in protein production and form clusters that are held together by DNA
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic information and controls the production of proteins
What is the function of the mitochondria?
It is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production – carries DNA
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism
What is diffusion?
Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across the cell membrane
– think H2O for water –
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across a membrane where assistance is needed
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, What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules without needing energy (ATP) to pass through
What substances have free movement?
Enzymes, Glucose, Electrolytes
What is meiosis?
Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms reduces the number of chromosomes in
gametes
What is mitosis?
Cells divide into two identically daughter cells
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating
What is exocytosis?
Exiting or expelling a protein out of a cell
What is carcinogenesis?
The development of cancer
What are the three stages of carcinogenesis?
- Initiation: Introduction of the agent
- Promotion: Initiation of uncontrolled growth
- Progression: Permanent malignant changes
What is cachexia?
A symptom of cancer – sunken eyes, weight loss, muscle loss, and no appetite
What is atrophy?
Decreases organelle size and lowers energy usage
What is hypertrophy?
Increases organelle size
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