NR507 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM | 2026 UPDATE STUDY GUIDE
WITH PRACTICE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS,
AND RATIONALES
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales Included
, Who is a candidate for dialysis? End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one
cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the
patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
FINAL EXAM | 2026 UPDATE STUDY GUIDE
WITH PRACTICE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS,
AND RATIONALES
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales Included
, Who is a candidate for dialysis? End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one
cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the
patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
