Essentials of Pathophysiology NUR2063 Rasmussen University Patho 101: Exam 1 Study Guide for Essentials of Pathophysiology Questions & Answers

Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 6, 12, and 13 1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include? Pathophysiology: is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body. Includes: Etiology: study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause. Pathogenesis: development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs. Clinical Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of disorder. Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual. 2. Review the difference between signs and symptoms/objective versus subjective data Signs: Objective or observed manifestations of disease. Symptoms: Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body. Objective: What you observe, such as a rash, low blood pressure, bleeding, etc. Subjective: What the patient may report to you, such as pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued, etc. 3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each. Epidemiology: study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people. Levels of Prevention: Primary: “Preventing”; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for Treatment Implications:oaded_by people. Example: Vaccinations and Handwashing because you are preventing contraction of disease or risk. Secondary: “Screening”; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads. Example: PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram. Tertiary: “Treating” and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition. Example: Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL’s after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers. 4. Review the difference between homeostasis and oaded_by Homeostasis: a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable. Allostasis: ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp. 5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved? Alarm: Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work. Resistance/Adaptation: The activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor. Exhaustion: Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death