PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 (EEOB 2520 OSU ) WITH 100% APPROVED SOLUTIONS
2026-2027 STUDY SET.
Section 1: Foundational Equations & Energetics (Q1-30)
1. Dr. Smith is explaining the core principles of physiology to his class. He tells
them that life depends on a critical reversible equation that serves as the
"currency" to pay for biological activities. Which equation is he referring to?
A) Glucose + O₂ → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O
B) CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺
C) ATP ↔ ADP + Pᵢ + Energy
D) PV = nRT
Answer: C
Rationale: This is Equation 1. It is reversible and represents how the cell spends
energy (ATP hydrolysis) . Options A (Equation 2) is how we make ATP, B (Equation
3) is gas transport, and D (Equation 4) is the Ideal Gas Law.
2. A student asks why Equation 1 must be reversible. Which of the following best
explains this necessity?
A) To allow CO₂ to be converted into carbonic acid for pH balance.
B) To allow the volume of gas in the lungs to change with pressure.
C) To allow ADP to be re-phosphorylated back into ATP.
,D) To allow glucose to enter the cell without using energy.
Answer: C
Rationale: Reversibility allows the cell to reform ATP from ADP and Pi. While we
often think of ATP breaking apart to release energy, Equation 1 can run in reverse
to rebuild the ATP "currency" .
3. A marathon runner is breathing heavily during a race. Which equation best
describes the process occurring in their muscle cells to generate the massive
amount of energy required?
A) ATP ↔ ADP + Pᵢ + Energy
B) CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺
C) Glucose + O₂ → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O + Heat
D) PV = nRT
Answer: C
Rationale: This is Equation 2. It represents cellular respiration (making ATP from
glucose and oxygen) and is not reversible . The production of "Heat" in this
equation is important; it explains why runners get hot.
,4. During a physiology lab, a student measures a blood sample and finds it has a
high concentration of H⁺ ions (low pH). The student knows this is likely due to an
increase in which substance?
A) ATP
B) CO₂
C) O₂
D) Glucose
Answer: B
Rationale: According to Equation 3 (CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺), when CO₂
dissolves in water (blood), it forms carbonic acid, which releases H⁺. Therefore,
high CO₂ leads to high H⁺ (acidosis) .
5. Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes Equations 1 and 3
from Equations 2 and 4?
A) Equations 1 and 3 are reversible; Equations 2 and 4 are not.
B) Equations 1 and 3 require oxygen; Equations 2 and 4 do not.
C) Equations 1 and 3 are only relevant to the lungs; Equations 2 and 4 are only
relevant to muscles.
D) Equations 1 and 3 produce heat; Equations 2 and 4 consume heat.
, Answer: A
Rationale: Among the four core equations, Equations 1 (ATP/ADP) and 3
(CO₂/Bicarb) are reversible. Equation 2 (Glucose metabolism) and Equation 4
(Ideal Gas Law) are not considered reversible in the physiological context of this
course .
6. A patient has a fever and their metabolic rate increases. How will this affect
Equation 2?
A) The reaction will shift to the left, producing more glucose.
B) The reaction will produce less heat.
C) The reaction will produce CO₂ and H₂O at a faster rate.
D) The reaction will stop completely to conserve energy.
Answer: C
Rationale: Equation 2 (Glucose + O₂ → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O + Heat) represents
metabolism. Increased body temperature increases metabolic rate; thus, glucose
is consumed faster, and CO₂/H₂O are produced faster .
7. A researcher is studying a cell that has stopped producing ATP via Equation 2.
What immediate consequence would the cell face?
A) It would immediately explode due to osmotic pressure.
2026-2027 STUDY SET.
Section 1: Foundational Equations & Energetics (Q1-30)
1. Dr. Smith is explaining the core principles of physiology to his class. He tells
them that life depends on a critical reversible equation that serves as the
"currency" to pay for biological activities. Which equation is he referring to?
A) Glucose + O₂ → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O
B) CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺
C) ATP ↔ ADP + Pᵢ + Energy
D) PV = nRT
Answer: C
Rationale: This is Equation 1. It is reversible and represents how the cell spends
energy (ATP hydrolysis) . Options A (Equation 2) is how we make ATP, B (Equation
3) is gas transport, and D (Equation 4) is the Ideal Gas Law.
2. A student asks why Equation 1 must be reversible. Which of the following best
explains this necessity?
A) To allow CO₂ to be converted into carbonic acid for pH balance.
B) To allow the volume of gas in the lungs to change with pressure.
C) To allow ADP to be re-phosphorylated back into ATP.
,D) To allow glucose to enter the cell without using energy.
Answer: C
Rationale: Reversibility allows the cell to reform ATP from ADP and Pi. While we
often think of ATP breaking apart to release energy, Equation 1 can run in reverse
to rebuild the ATP "currency" .
3. A marathon runner is breathing heavily during a race. Which equation best
describes the process occurring in their muscle cells to generate the massive
amount of energy required?
A) ATP ↔ ADP + Pᵢ + Energy
B) CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺
C) Glucose + O₂ → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O + Heat
D) PV = nRT
Answer: C
Rationale: This is Equation 2. It represents cellular respiration (making ATP from
glucose and oxygen) and is not reversible . The production of "Heat" in this
equation is important; it explains why runners get hot.
,4. During a physiology lab, a student measures a blood sample and finds it has a
high concentration of H⁺ ions (low pH). The student knows this is likely due to an
increase in which substance?
A) ATP
B) CO₂
C) O₂
D) Glucose
Answer: B
Rationale: According to Equation 3 (CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺), when CO₂
dissolves in water (blood), it forms carbonic acid, which releases H⁺. Therefore,
high CO₂ leads to high H⁺ (acidosis) .
5. Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes Equations 1 and 3
from Equations 2 and 4?
A) Equations 1 and 3 are reversible; Equations 2 and 4 are not.
B) Equations 1 and 3 require oxygen; Equations 2 and 4 do not.
C) Equations 1 and 3 are only relevant to the lungs; Equations 2 and 4 are only
relevant to muscles.
D) Equations 1 and 3 produce heat; Equations 2 and 4 consume heat.
, Answer: A
Rationale: Among the four core equations, Equations 1 (ATP/ADP) and 3
(CO₂/Bicarb) are reversible. Equation 2 (Glucose metabolism) and Equation 4
(Ideal Gas Law) are not considered reversible in the physiological context of this
course .
6. A patient has a fever and their metabolic rate increases. How will this affect
Equation 2?
A) The reaction will shift to the left, producing more glucose.
B) The reaction will produce less heat.
C) The reaction will produce CO₂ and H₂O at a faster rate.
D) The reaction will stop completely to conserve energy.
Answer: C
Rationale: Equation 2 (Glucose + O₂ → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O + Heat) represents
metabolism. Increased body temperature increases metabolic rate; thus, glucose
is consumed faster, and CO₂/H₂O are produced faster .
7. A researcher is studying a cell that has stopped producing ATP via Equation 2.
What immediate consequence would the cell face?
A) It would immediately explode due to osmotic pressure.
