NR 507 Adv Patho Final Exam Review
(Dr. Sanner PPP) Newest Version 2026
GERD - Answer--Gastroesophageal reflux disease causing acid backflow.
LES Dysfunction - Answer--Lower esophageal sphincter fails to prevent reflux.
Hiatal Hernia - Answer--Stomach bulges through diaphragm into chest cavity.
Esophageal Motility Disorders - Answer--Impaired peristalsis affecting esophageal
clearance.
Heartburn - Answer--Burning sensation in chest from acid reflux.
Regurgitation - Answer--Acidic taste in mouth due to reflux.
Dysphagia - Answer--Difficulty swallowing food or liquids.
Chest Pain - Answer--Pain that may mimic cardiac issues.
GERD Warning Signs - Answer--Symptoms over 50: dysphagia, weight loss.
Esophageal Stricture - Answer--Narrowing of the esophagus affecting swallowing.
Appendicitis - Answer--Inflammation of the appendix due to obstruction.
Periumbilical Pain - Answer--Visceral pain from appendix distention.
RLQ Pain - Answer--Right lower quadrant pain from inflammation.
Leukocytosis - Answer--Increased white blood cells indicating infection.
Appendectomy - Answer--Surgical removal of the appendix.
Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis - Answer--Diaphragmatic weakness increases GERD risk.
Duodenal Ulcer - Answer--Ulcer caused by H. pylori and acid.
Aggressive Factors - Answer--Substances like acid and H. pylori damaging mucosa.
Defensive Factors - Answer--Mucosal barriers protecting against gastric damage.
, Chronic Intermittent Pain - Answer--Pain occurring 30 minutes to 2 hours
post-eating.
C-reactive Protein - Answer--Marker indicating systemic inflammation in appendicitis.
Prokinetic Agents - Answer--Medications improving esophageal motility.
Upper GI Endoscopy - Answer--Procedure to visualize the upper gastrointestinal
tract.
H. pylori Testing - Answer--Test for Helicobacter pylori infection in ulcers.
Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer--Medications reducing gastric acid production.
H2-Receptor Blockers - Answer--Medications that block histamine effects on
stomach.
Antibiotics - Answer--Medications used to eradicate H. pylori infection.
Cytoprotective Agents - Answer--Drugs that protect stomach lining from acid
damage.
Gastric Ulcer - Answer--Ulcer located in the stomach causing inflammation.
Mucosal Injury - Answer--Damage to the protective lining of the stomach.
Peptic Ulcer Disease - Answer--Ulceration in the gastrointestinal mucosal lining.
Erosion vs Ulcer - Answer--Erosion is superficial; ulcer penetrates deeper layers.
Protective Mechanisms - Answer--Body's defenses against ulcers, including mucus
secretion.
Ulcerative Colitis - Answer--Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting colon
mucosa.
Chronic Inflammation - Answer--Long-term inflammation leading to tissue damage.
Diarrhea - Answer--Frequent, watery bowel movements common in colitis.
Crohn's Disease - Answer--Inflammatory bowel disease affecting any GI tract
segment.
(Dr. Sanner PPP) Newest Version 2026
GERD - Answer--Gastroesophageal reflux disease causing acid backflow.
LES Dysfunction - Answer--Lower esophageal sphincter fails to prevent reflux.
Hiatal Hernia - Answer--Stomach bulges through diaphragm into chest cavity.
Esophageal Motility Disorders - Answer--Impaired peristalsis affecting esophageal
clearance.
Heartburn - Answer--Burning sensation in chest from acid reflux.
Regurgitation - Answer--Acidic taste in mouth due to reflux.
Dysphagia - Answer--Difficulty swallowing food or liquids.
Chest Pain - Answer--Pain that may mimic cardiac issues.
GERD Warning Signs - Answer--Symptoms over 50: dysphagia, weight loss.
Esophageal Stricture - Answer--Narrowing of the esophagus affecting swallowing.
Appendicitis - Answer--Inflammation of the appendix due to obstruction.
Periumbilical Pain - Answer--Visceral pain from appendix distention.
RLQ Pain - Answer--Right lower quadrant pain from inflammation.
Leukocytosis - Answer--Increased white blood cells indicating infection.
Appendectomy - Answer--Surgical removal of the appendix.
Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis - Answer--Diaphragmatic weakness increases GERD risk.
Duodenal Ulcer - Answer--Ulcer caused by H. pylori and acid.
Aggressive Factors - Answer--Substances like acid and H. pylori damaging mucosa.
Defensive Factors - Answer--Mucosal barriers protecting against gastric damage.
, Chronic Intermittent Pain - Answer--Pain occurring 30 minutes to 2 hours
post-eating.
C-reactive Protein - Answer--Marker indicating systemic inflammation in appendicitis.
Prokinetic Agents - Answer--Medications improving esophageal motility.
Upper GI Endoscopy - Answer--Procedure to visualize the upper gastrointestinal
tract.
H. pylori Testing - Answer--Test for Helicobacter pylori infection in ulcers.
Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer--Medications reducing gastric acid production.
H2-Receptor Blockers - Answer--Medications that block histamine effects on
stomach.
Antibiotics - Answer--Medications used to eradicate H. pylori infection.
Cytoprotective Agents - Answer--Drugs that protect stomach lining from acid
damage.
Gastric Ulcer - Answer--Ulcer located in the stomach causing inflammation.
Mucosal Injury - Answer--Damage to the protective lining of the stomach.
Peptic Ulcer Disease - Answer--Ulceration in the gastrointestinal mucosal lining.
Erosion vs Ulcer - Answer--Erosion is superficial; ulcer penetrates deeper layers.
Protective Mechanisms - Answer--Body's defenses against ulcers, including mucus
secretion.
Ulcerative Colitis - Answer--Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting colon
mucosa.
Chronic Inflammation - Answer--Long-term inflammation leading to tissue damage.
Diarrhea - Answer--Frequent, watery bowel movements common in colitis.
Crohn's Disease - Answer--Inflammatory bowel disease affecting any GI tract
segment.
