NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2026 GRADED A+
⩥ other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease.
Answer: idiopathic and cryptogenic
⩥ define iatrogenic.
Answer: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
⩥ define incidence of epidemiology.
Answer: the new number of cases in a given population in a specific
time period
⩥ define prevalence of epidemiology.
Answer: number of cases, both old and new, during a specific time
period
⩥ what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death.
Answer: 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
,4. defects in membrane permeability
⩥ what is the most common stressor of disease.
Answer: ATP deletion
⩥ what are the two phases of ATP production?.
Answer: 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
⩥ how many ATP does glycolysis yield?.
Answer: 2
⩥ How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?.
Answer: 36
⩥ in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired?.
Answer: 1. Hypoxia
2.
⩥ ischemia.
Answer: reduced blood flow
,⩥ Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion.
Answer: obstruction --> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a)
sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
⩥ explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production.
Answer: normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and
calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
⩥ where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?.
Answer: Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
⩥ explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to
decreased ATP production.
Answer: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is
decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
, ⩥ define free radicals.
Answer: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
⩥ why are free radicals bad?.
Answer: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in
its membrane
⩥ what are reactive oxygen species?.
Answer: highly reactive forms of oxygen typically from the
mitochondria
⩥ why are antioxidants important.
Answer: protect cells from free radicals and ROS
⩥ are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress.
Answer: decreased :(
⩥ what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals?.
Answer: 1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2026 GRADED A+
⩥ other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease.
Answer: idiopathic and cryptogenic
⩥ define iatrogenic.
Answer: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
⩥ define incidence of epidemiology.
Answer: the new number of cases in a given population in a specific
time period
⩥ define prevalence of epidemiology.
Answer: number of cases, both old and new, during a specific time
period
⩥ what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death.
Answer: 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
,4. defects in membrane permeability
⩥ what is the most common stressor of disease.
Answer: ATP deletion
⩥ what are the two phases of ATP production?.
Answer: 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
⩥ how many ATP does glycolysis yield?.
Answer: 2
⩥ How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?.
Answer: 36
⩥ in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired?.
Answer: 1. Hypoxia
2.
⩥ ischemia.
Answer: reduced blood flow
,⩥ Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion.
Answer: obstruction --> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a)
sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
⩥ explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production.
Answer: normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and
calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
⩥ where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?.
Answer: Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
⩥ explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to
decreased ATP production.
Answer: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is
decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
, ⩥ define free radicals.
Answer: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
⩥ why are free radicals bad?.
Answer: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in
its membrane
⩥ what are reactive oxygen species?.
Answer: highly reactive forms of oxygen typically from the
mitochondria
⩥ why are antioxidants important.
Answer: protect cells from free radicals and ROS
⩥ are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress.
Answer: decreased :(
⩥ what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals?.
Answer: 1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
