Page 1 of 40
MCPHS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 |
{LATEST 2026/ 2027 UPDATE} COMPLETE
ACTUAL AND AUTHENTIC EXAM | BRAND NEW!
The Origin
point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts
Four processes of ATP energy for muscle contraction
1. conversion of two ADP to one ATP and AMP
2. Transfer of phosphate from creatine kinase to ADP to form ATP
3. Anaerobic respiration
4. Aerobic respiration
How muscles are named
1. location
2. Size
3. shape
4. orientation of fascicles
,Page 2 of 40
5. origin of insertion
6. number of heads
7. function
Muscles of mastication
temporalis, masseter, pterygoids (lateral, medial)
temporalis muscle
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: anterior portion of mandibular ramus and coronoid process
function: elevates and retracts mandible
masseter muscle
origin: zygomatic arch
insertion: lateral side of mandibular ramus
function: elevates and protracts mandible
,Page 3 of 40
pterygoids
origin: lateral and medial side of pterygoid plate respectively
insertion: condylar process of mandible and articular disk (lateral)
Medial surface of mandible (medial)
lateral: depresses and protracts mandible; side to side movements
medial: elevates and protracts mandible; side to side movements
hyoid muscles
suprahyoid: digasatric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid
infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
digastric muscle
function: depresses and retracts mandible; elevates hyoid
geniohyoid
function: protracts hyoid; depresses mandible
, Page 4 of 40
mylohyoid
function: elevates floor of mouth and tongue; depresses mandible
when hyoid is fixed
stylohyoid
function: elevates hyoid
Anaerobic respiration
occurs in absence of oxygen and results in the breakdown of glucose
to yield ATP and lactic acid
Aerobic Respiration
requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon
dioxide, and water
more efficient than anaerobic respiration
The insertion
the point of attachment of a muscle to the part that it moves
MCPHS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 |
{LATEST 2026/ 2027 UPDATE} COMPLETE
ACTUAL AND AUTHENTIC EXAM | BRAND NEW!
The Origin
point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts
Four processes of ATP energy for muscle contraction
1. conversion of two ADP to one ATP and AMP
2. Transfer of phosphate from creatine kinase to ADP to form ATP
3. Anaerobic respiration
4. Aerobic respiration
How muscles are named
1. location
2. Size
3. shape
4. orientation of fascicles
,Page 2 of 40
5. origin of insertion
6. number of heads
7. function
Muscles of mastication
temporalis, masseter, pterygoids (lateral, medial)
temporalis muscle
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: anterior portion of mandibular ramus and coronoid process
function: elevates and retracts mandible
masseter muscle
origin: zygomatic arch
insertion: lateral side of mandibular ramus
function: elevates and protracts mandible
,Page 3 of 40
pterygoids
origin: lateral and medial side of pterygoid plate respectively
insertion: condylar process of mandible and articular disk (lateral)
Medial surface of mandible (medial)
lateral: depresses and protracts mandible; side to side movements
medial: elevates and protracts mandible; side to side movements
hyoid muscles
suprahyoid: digasatric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid
infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
digastric muscle
function: depresses and retracts mandible; elevates hyoid
geniohyoid
function: protracts hyoid; depresses mandible
, Page 4 of 40
mylohyoid
function: elevates floor of mouth and tongue; depresses mandible
when hyoid is fixed
stylohyoid
function: elevates hyoid
Anaerobic respiration
occurs in absence of oxygen and results in the breakdown of glucose
to yield ATP and lactic acid
Aerobic Respiration
requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon
dioxide, and water
more efficient than anaerobic respiration
The insertion
the point of attachment of a muscle to the part that it moves
