NCLEX EXAM zm
Exam Solution zm
Saunder's Comprehensive NCLEX Review 2026 A+ GRA zm zm zm zm zm zm
DE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED AN
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SWERS (B86AE) zm
QUESTION 1 zm
Fluid volume deficit assessment findings
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ANSWER
Cardiovascular: - thready, increased pulse rate - zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension - flat neck and hand veins -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
diminished peripheral pulses - decreased central venous pressure - dysrhythmias Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased rate and depth of respirations - dyspnea Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased central nervous system activity, from lethargy to coma - fever -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
skeletal muscle weakness Renal: - decreased urine output Integumentary: - dry skin -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
poor turgor, tenting - dry mouth Gastrointestinal: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased motility and diminished bowel sounds - constipation - thirst -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased body weight Lab findings: - increased serum osmolality - increased hematocrit -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased BUN - increased Na+ - increased urine specific gravity
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 2 zm
Fluid volume excess assessment findings
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ANSWER
Cardiovascular: - bounding, increased pulse rate - elevated bp - distended neck and hand veins -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
elevated central venous pressure - dysrhythmias Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased RR and shallow respirations - dyspnea - crackles on auscultation Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
altered LOC - headache - visual disturbances - skeletal muscle weakness - paresthesias Renal: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased output if kidneys can compensate, decreased output if kidneys are damaged Integumentar
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
y: - pitting edema - pale, cool skin GI: - increased motility - diarrhea - increased body weight -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
liver enlargement - ascites Lab findings: - decreased serum osmolality - decreased hematocrit -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased BUN - decreased Na+ - decreased urine specific gravity
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 3 zm
,Hyperkalemia
ANSWER
- K+ level over 5.0 Assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - slow, weak, irregular heart rate -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased bp - dysrhythmias Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
profound weakness of respiratory muscles leading to respiratory failure Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
early stage: muscle twitches, cramps, paresthesias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
late stage: profound weakness, flaccid paralysis in arms and legs followed by trunk, head, and respi
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ratory muscles GI: - increased motility - hyperactive bowel sounds - diarrhea ECG changes: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
tall peaked T waves - flat P waves - widened QRS complexes -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
prolonged PR interval Causes: acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease, Addison's disease, deh
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ydration, diabetic ketoacidosis, excessive dietary or IV intake of potassium, massive tissue destructio
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
n, or metabolic acidosis
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QUESTION 4 zm
Hyponatremia
ANSWER
- Na+ level less than 135 Assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - rapid pulse rate Respiratory: -
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shallow, ineffective respiratory movement is a late manifestation Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
generalized skeletal muscle weakness that is worse in extremities -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
diminished deep tendon reflexes CNS: - headache - personality changes - confusion - seizures -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
coma GI: - increased motility and hyperactive bowel sounds - nausea -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
abdominal cramping and diarrhea Renal: - increased urinary output -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased urine specific gravity integumentary: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
dry mucous membranes Causes: Addison's disease, decreased dietary intake of sodium, diabetic ket
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
oacidosis, diuretic therapy, excessive loss from the GI tract, excessive sweating, or water intoxication
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 5 zm
Hypernatremia
ANSWER
- Na+ level over 145 Assessment findings: - pulmonary edema - altered cerebral function* -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
extreme thirst - decreased urinary output - dry, flushed skin -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes - increased urine specific gravity -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
early stage: spontaneous muscle twitches, irregular muscle contractions -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
late stage: skeletal muscle weakness, deep tendon reflexes diminished or absent Causes: dehydratio
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
n, impaired renal function, increased dietary or IV sodium intake, primary aldosteronism, or use of c
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
orticosteroid therapy zm
QUESTION 6 zm
Hypocalcemia
ANSWER
,- Ca2+ level less than 9.0 -
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assessment findings: Cardiovascular: decreased HR, hypotension, diminished peripheral pulses Respi
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ratory: not directly affected, however, respiratory failure or arrest can develop from decreased respi
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ratory movement because of muscle tetany or seizures neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
irritable skeletal muscles: twitches, cramps, tetany, seizures -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
painful muscle spasms in the calf or foot during periods of inactivity -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
paresthesias followed by numbness in the lips, nose, tongue, ears, or limbs -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
positive Trousseau's and Chvosek's signs - hyperactive deep tendon reflexes -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
anxiety, irritability GI: - increased motility, hyperactive bowel sounds -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
cramping, diarrhea ECG changes: - prolonged ST interval - prolonged QT interval
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 7 zm
Hypercalcemia
ANSWER
- Ca2+ level over 10.5 - assessment findings: Cardiovascular: -
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increased HR in the early phase, bradycardia that can lead to cardiac arrest in the late phase -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
bounding peripheral pulses Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm
ineffective respiratory movement due to skeletal muscle weakness Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
profound muscle weakness - diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
disorientation, lethargy, coma GI: - decreased motility, hypoactive bowel sounds -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
anorexia, nausea, abdominal distension, diarrhea ECG changes: - shortened ST segment -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
widened T wave - heart block
zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 8 zm
Hypomagnesemia
ANSWER
- Mg level less than 1.8 - assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - tachycardia - HTN Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
shallow respirations Neuromuscular: - twitches, paresthesias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
positive Trousseau's and Chvosek's signs - hyperreflexia - tetany, seizures CNS: - irritability -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
confusion ECG changes: - tall T waves - depressed ST segments
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 9 zm
Hypermagnesemia
ANSWER
- Mg level above 2.6 - assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - bradycardia - dysrhythmias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
cardiac arrest if severe - hypotension Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
respiratory insufficiency when the skeletal muscles of respiration are involved Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes - skeletal muscle weakness CNS: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
drowsiness and lethargy that progresses to coma ECG changes: - prolonged PR interval -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
widened QRS complexes
zm zm zm
, QUESTION 10 zm
Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis
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ANSWER
- pH is less than 7.35, Paco2 is greater than 45 - Assessment findings: Neurological: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
lethargy, confusion, dizziness, headache, coma Cardiovascular: - decreased bp - dysrhythmias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
warm, flushed skin Neuromuscular: - seizures Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased rate and depth of respirations -
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hypoventilation and hypoxia occur when lungs are unable to compensate
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 11 zm
Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis
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ANSWER
- pH is greater than 7.45, PaCO2 less than 35 - assessment findings: Neurological: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, headache Cardiovascular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
low bp, tachycardia, dysrhythmias GI: - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
tetany, numbness, tingling of extremities, hyperreflexia, seizures Respiratory: rate and depth of resp
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
irations decrease, hyperventilation occurs when lungs are unable to compensate
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 12 zm
Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
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ANSWER
- pH is less than 7.35, HCO3 is less than 21 - assessment findings: Neurological: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
lethargy, confusion, dizziness, headache, coma Cardiovascular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased bp, dysrhythmias, cold clammy skin GI: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Neuromuscular: - muscle weakness Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
deep, rapid respirations, called Kussmaul's respirations
zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 13 zm
Clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis
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ANSWER
- pH greater than 7.45, HCO3 greater than 28 - assessment findings: Neurological: -
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lethargy, irritability, confusion, headache Cardiovascular: - low bp, tachycardia, dysrhythmias GI: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
anorexia, nausea, vomiting Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm
tetany, tremors, tingling of the extremities, muscle cramps, hypertonic muscles, seizures Respiratory
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: - rate and depth of respirations decrease
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Exam Solution zm
Saunder's Comprehensive NCLEX Review 2026 A+ GRA zm zm zm zm zm zm
DE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED AN
zm zm zm zm zm zm
SWERS (B86AE) zm
QUESTION 1 zm
Fluid volume deficit assessment findings
zm zm zm zm
ANSWER
Cardiovascular: - thready, increased pulse rate - zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension - flat neck and hand veins -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
diminished peripheral pulses - decreased central venous pressure - dysrhythmias Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased rate and depth of respirations - dyspnea Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased central nervous system activity, from lethargy to coma - fever -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
skeletal muscle weakness Renal: - decreased urine output Integumentary: - dry skin -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
poor turgor, tenting - dry mouth Gastrointestinal: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased motility and diminished bowel sounds - constipation - thirst -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased body weight Lab findings: - increased serum osmolality - increased hematocrit -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased BUN - increased Na+ - increased urine specific gravity
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 2 zm
Fluid volume excess assessment findings
zm zm zm zm
ANSWER
Cardiovascular: - bounding, increased pulse rate - elevated bp - distended neck and hand veins -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
elevated central venous pressure - dysrhythmias Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased RR and shallow respirations - dyspnea - crackles on auscultation Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
altered LOC - headache - visual disturbances - skeletal muscle weakness - paresthesias Renal: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased output if kidneys can compensate, decreased output if kidneys are damaged Integumentar
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
y: - pitting edema - pale, cool skin GI: - increased motility - diarrhea - increased body weight -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
liver enlargement - ascites Lab findings: - decreased serum osmolality - decreased hematocrit -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased BUN - decreased Na+ - decreased urine specific gravity
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 3 zm
,Hyperkalemia
ANSWER
- K+ level over 5.0 Assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - slow, weak, irregular heart rate -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased bp - dysrhythmias Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
profound weakness of respiratory muscles leading to respiratory failure Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
early stage: muscle twitches, cramps, paresthesias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
late stage: profound weakness, flaccid paralysis in arms and legs followed by trunk, head, and respi
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ratory muscles GI: - increased motility - hyperactive bowel sounds - diarrhea ECG changes: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
tall peaked T waves - flat P waves - widened QRS complexes -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
prolonged PR interval Causes: acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease, Addison's disease, deh
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ydration, diabetic ketoacidosis, excessive dietary or IV intake of potassium, massive tissue destructio
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
n, or metabolic acidosis
zm zm zm
QUESTION 4 zm
Hyponatremia
ANSWER
- Na+ level less than 135 Assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - rapid pulse rate Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
shallow, ineffective respiratory movement is a late manifestation Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
generalized skeletal muscle weakness that is worse in extremities -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
diminished deep tendon reflexes CNS: - headache - personality changes - confusion - seizures -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
coma GI: - increased motility and hyperactive bowel sounds - nausea -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
abdominal cramping and diarrhea Renal: - increased urinary output -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased urine specific gravity integumentary: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
dry mucous membranes Causes: Addison's disease, decreased dietary intake of sodium, diabetic ket
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
oacidosis, diuretic therapy, excessive loss from the GI tract, excessive sweating, or water intoxication
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 5 zm
Hypernatremia
ANSWER
- Na+ level over 145 Assessment findings: - pulmonary edema - altered cerebral function* -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
extreme thirst - decreased urinary output - dry, flushed skin -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes - increased urine specific gravity -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
early stage: spontaneous muscle twitches, irregular muscle contractions -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
late stage: skeletal muscle weakness, deep tendon reflexes diminished or absent Causes: dehydratio
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
n, impaired renal function, increased dietary or IV sodium intake, primary aldosteronism, or use of c
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
orticosteroid therapy zm
QUESTION 6 zm
Hypocalcemia
ANSWER
,- Ca2+ level less than 9.0 -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
assessment findings: Cardiovascular: decreased HR, hypotension, diminished peripheral pulses Respi
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ratory: not directly affected, however, respiratory failure or arrest can develop from decreased respi
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ratory movement because of muscle tetany or seizures neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
irritable skeletal muscles: twitches, cramps, tetany, seizures -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
painful muscle spasms in the calf or foot during periods of inactivity -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
paresthesias followed by numbness in the lips, nose, tongue, ears, or limbs -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
positive Trousseau's and Chvosek's signs - hyperactive deep tendon reflexes -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
anxiety, irritability GI: - increased motility, hyperactive bowel sounds -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
cramping, diarrhea ECG changes: - prolonged ST interval - prolonged QT interval
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 7 zm
Hypercalcemia
ANSWER
- Ca2+ level over 10.5 - assessment findings: Cardiovascular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased HR in the early phase, bradycardia that can lead to cardiac arrest in the late phase -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
bounding peripheral pulses Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm
ineffective respiratory movement due to skeletal muscle weakness Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
profound muscle weakness - diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
disorientation, lethargy, coma GI: - decreased motility, hypoactive bowel sounds -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
anorexia, nausea, abdominal distension, diarrhea ECG changes: - shortened ST segment -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
widened T wave - heart block
zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 8 zm
Hypomagnesemia
ANSWER
- Mg level less than 1.8 - assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - tachycardia - HTN Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
shallow respirations Neuromuscular: - twitches, paresthesias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
positive Trousseau's and Chvosek's signs - hyperreflexia - tetany, seizures CNS: - irritability -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
confusion ECG changes: - tall T waves - depressed ST segments
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 9 zm
Hypermagnesemia
ANSWER
- Mg level above 2.6 - assessment findings: Cardiovascular: - bradycardia - dysrhythmias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
cardiac arrest if severe - hypotension Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
respiratory insufficiency when the skeletal muscles of respiration are involved Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes - skeletal muscle weakness CNS: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
drowsiness and lethargy that progresses to coma ECG changes: - prolonged PR interval -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
widened QRS complexes
zm zm zm
, QUESTION 10 zm
Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis
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ANSWER
- pH is less than 7.35, Paco2 is greater than 45 - Assessment findings: Neurological: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
lethargy, confusion, dizziness, headache, coma Cardiovascular: - decreased bp - dysrhythmias -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
warm, flushed skin Neuromuscular: - seizures Respiratory: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
increased rate and depth of respirations -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
hypoventilation and hypoxia occur when lungs are unable to compensate
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 11 zm
Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis
zm zm zm zm
ANSWER
- pH is greater than 7.45, PaCO2 less than 35 - assessment findings: Neurological: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, headache Cardiovascular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm
low bp, tachycardia, dysrhythmias GI: - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain Neuromuscular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
tetany, numbness, tingling of extremities, hyperreflexia, seizures Respiratory: rate and depth of resp
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
irations decrease, hyperventilation occurs when lungs are unable to compensate
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 12 zm
Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
zm zm zm zm
ANSWER
- pH is less than 7.35, HCO3 is less than 21 - assessment findings: Neurological: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
lethargy, confusion, dizziness, headache, coma Cardiovascular: -
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
decreased bp, dysrhythmias, cold clammy skin GI: -
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Neuromuscular: - muscle weakness Respiratory: -
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deep, rapid respirations, called Kussmaul's respirations
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QUESTION 13 zm
Clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis
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ANSWER
- pH greater than 7.45, HCO3 greater than 28 - assessment findings: Neurological: -
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lethargy, irritability, confusion, headache Cardiovascular: - low bp, tachycardia, dysrhythmias GI: -
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anorexia, nausea, vomiting Neuromuscular: -
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tetany, tremors, tingling of the extremities, muscle cramps, hypertonic muscles, seizures Respiratory
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: - rate and depth of respirations decrease
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