NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam II: (Latest 2026/2027 Update) Perfusion,
Seizures, ICP, Sensory Perception, Cognition | Q&A | Grade A | 100% Correct
(Verified Answers)
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW | LATEST 2026/2027
SUBJECT SOURCE FORMAT
Pathophysiology NR 283 Exam II 2026/2027 Q&A with Clinical Rationale
1
When a person is injured, which substances contribute to the pain they experience? Select all that apply.
CORRECT ANSWER: Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandin
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Chemical mediators of inflammation cause pain by stimulating nociceptors.
2
Which could increase the risk of having a seizure or injury from a seizure? Select all that apply.
CORRECT ANSWER: Poor management of diabetes and insulin; If an aura is experienced, ignore it
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Hypoglycemia can trigger seizures; ignoring an aura removes opportunity to prevent injury.
3
Which is a cause of an acute symptomatic seizure? Select all that apply.
CORRECT ANSWER: Abnormally low sodium level, Acute traumatic head injury, Insulin overdose, Drug or
alcohol withdrawal
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Electrolyte disturbances, trauma, metabolic derangements, and withdrawal are common provoked seizure causes.
4
What is the goal of perfusion?
CORRECT ANSWER: Flood the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients.
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Adequate perfusion delivers oxygen and glucose while removing waste products.
, 5
Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute - Volume of blood that flows from arteries to capillaries
CORRECT ANSWER: Central perfusion (amount pumped); Tissue perfusion (volume to capillaries)
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Central perfusion refers to cardiac output; tissue perfusion is microcirculation.
6
Match perfusion type: Targets vital organs, Targets skin and local areas, Targets the brain, Targets the heart
CORRECT ANSWER: Central perfusion (vital organs), Tissue perfusion (skin/local), Cerebral perfusion (brain),
Myocardial perfusion (heart)
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Different perfusion types ensure all tissues receive oxygenated blood.
7
What is infarction?
CORRECT ANSWER: Area of dead tissue
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Infarction results from prolonged ischemia leading to tissue necrosis.
8
What is hypoxia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Not enough oxygen to exchange
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Hypoxia is decreased oxygen at the tissue level.
9
What is hypoxemia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Not enough oxygen in the blood
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Hypoxemia is low arterial oxygen tension (PaO2).
, 10
What is necrosis?
CORRECT ANSWER: Tissue death
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Necrosis is irreversible cell death causing inflammation.
11
What is ischemia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Poor perfusion to the tissue/organ
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Ischemia is reduced blood flow leading to oxygen deficit.
12
Risk factors associated with poor perfusion due to artery blockage
CORRECT ANSWER: Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerotic heart disease, Hypertension
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. These are major modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis and reduced perfusion.
13
Prevention level for DASH diet
CORRECT ANSWER: Primary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. DASH diet prevents hypertension before it develops (primary prevention).
14
Prevention level for lipid screening
CORRECT ANSWER: Secondary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Lipid screening detects early disease in asymptomatic individuals (secondary prevention).
, 15
Prevention level for lipid lowering agents
CORRECT ANSWER: Tertiary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Medications treat established disease to prevent complications (tertiary prevention).
16
Prevention level for stent placement
CORRECT ANSWER: Tertiary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Invasive procedures treat advanced disease (tertiary prevention).
17
Prevention level for weight management
CORRECT ANSWER: Primary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Weight management prevents disease onset (primary prevention).
18
Prevention level for physical activity
CORRECT ANSWER: Secondary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Physical activity as prescribed therapy for existing conditions (secondary).
19
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the ____ lipoprotein used to transport ____ away from peripheral cells to
liver for ____
CORRECT ANSWER: Good, cholesterol, excretion
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. HDL is cardioprotective; reverse cholesterol transport removes excess cholesterol.
Seizures, ICP, Sensory Perception, Cognition | Q&A | Grade A | 100% Correct
(Verified Answers)
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW | LATEST 2026/2027
SUBJECT SOURCE FORMAT
Pathophysiology NR 283 Exam II 2026/2027 Q&A with Clinical Rationale
1
When a person is injured, which substances contribute to the pain they experience? Select all that apply.
CORRECT ANSWER: Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandin
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Chemical mediators of inflammation cause pain by stimulating nociceptors.
2
Which could increase the risk of having a seizure or injury from a seizure? Select all that apply.
CORRECT ANSWER: Poor management of diabetes and insulin; If an aura is experienced, ignore it
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Hypoglycemia can trigger seizures; ignoring an aura removes opportunity to prevent injury.
3
Which is a cause of an acute symptomatic seizure? Select all that apply.
CORRECT ANSWER: Abnormally low sodium level, Acute traumatic head injury, Insulin overdose, Drug or
alcohol withdrawal
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Electrolyte disturbances, trauma, metabolic derangements, and withdrawal are common provoked seizure causes.
4
What is the goal of perfusion?
CORRECT ANSWER: Flood the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients.
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Adequate perfusion delivers oxygen and glucose while removing waste products.
, 5
Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute - Volume of blood that flows from arteries to capillaries
CORRECT ANSWER: Central perfusion (amount pumped); Tissue perfusion (volume to capillaries)
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Central perfusion refers to cardiac output; tissue perfusion is microcirculation.
6
Match perfusion type: Targets vital organs, Targets skin and local areas, Targets the brain, Targets the heart
CORRECT ANSWER: Central perfusion (vital organs), Tissue perfusion (skin/local), Cerebral perfusion (brain),
Myocardial perfusion (heart)
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Different perfusion types ensure all tissues receive oxygenated blood.
7
What is infarction?
CORRECT ANSWER: Area of dead tissue
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Infarction results from prolonged ischemia leading to tissue necrosis.
8
What is hypoxia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Not enough oxygen to exchange
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Hypoxia is decreased oxygen at the tissue level.
9
What is hypoxemia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Not enough oxygen in the blood
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Hypoxemia is low arterial oxygen tension (PaO2).
, 10
What is necrosis?
CORRECT ANSWER: Tissue death
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Necrosis is irreversible cell death causing inflammation.
11
What is ischemia?
CORRECT ANSWER: Poor perfusion to the tissue/organ
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Ischemia is reduced blood flow leading to oxygen deficit.
12
Risk factors associated with poor perfusion due to artery blockage
CORRECT ANSWER: Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerotic heart disease, Hypertension
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. These are major modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis and reduced perfusion.
13
Prevention level for DASH diet
CORRECT ANSWER: Primary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. DASH diet prevents hypertension before it develops (primary prevention).
14
Prevention level for lipid screening
CORRECT ANSWER: Secondary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Lipid screening detects early disease in asymptomatic individuals (secondary prevention).
, 15
Prevention level for lipid lowering agents
CORRECT ANSWER: Tertiary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Medications treat established disease to prevent complications (tertiary prevention).
16
Prevention level for stent placement
CORRECT ANSWER: Tertiary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Invasive procedures treat advanced disease (tertiary prevention).
17
Prevention level for weight management
CORRECT ANSWER: Primary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Weight management prevents disease onset (primary prevention).
18
Prevention level for physical activity
CORRECT ANSWER: Secondary
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. Physical activity as prescribed therapy for existing conditions (secondary).
19
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the ____ lipoprotein used to transport ____ away from peripheral cells to
liver for ____
CORRECT ANSWER: Good, cholesterol, excretion
CLINICAL RATIONALE
1. HDL is cardioprotective; reverse cholesterol transport removes excess cholesterol.
