ACTUAL EXAM 4 WITH CORRECT AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the individual differences observed in
reasoning? - answer-People differ in reasoning
because of differences in working memory, fluid
intelligence, sensitivity to logical form,
sensitivity to validity, and tendency to rely on
heuristics.
What is hypothesis testing? - answer-
Hypothesis testing is the process of evaluating
whether evidence supports or contradicts a
prediction or hypothesis. Strong hypothesis
testing requires searching for both confirming
evidence and disconfirming evidence instead of
only looking for support.
What is Wason's 2-4-6 task? Describe it. -
answer-Wason's 2-4-6 task is a hypothesis-
testing task where participants are shown the
sequence "2-4-6" and must determine the
,hidden rule by generating additional sequences.
Most participants assume the rule is "increase
by 2" and test only confirming examples,
showing confirmation bias. The actual rule is
simply ascending numbers.
What are simulated and real research
environments used in hypothesis testing? -
answer-Simulated research environments are
controlled laboratory tasks where participants
behave like scientists and test hypotheses in
artificial situations. Real research environments
involve studying how actual scientists form
hypotheses, collect evidence, revise theories,
and respond to contradictory findings during
real scientific work.
How is deductive reasoning different from
inductive reasoning? - answer-Inductive
reasoning moves from specific observations to
general conclusions, while deductive reasoning
moves from general principles to specific
,conclusions. Inductive conclusions are probable
but not guaranteed. Deductive conclusions
should be certain if the premises are true and
the logic is valid.
What is the Wason selection task? Describe it. -
answer-The Wason selection task is a
conditional reasoning task involving "If P, then
Q" rules. To test the rule correctly, participants
must check P and not Q. Most people instead
select cards matching the wording of the rule
because of matching bias.
What is syllogistic reasoning? - answer-
Syllogistic reasoning is deductive reasoning
involving two premises and a conclusion. The
goal is to determine whether the conclusion
logically follows from the premises regardless of
whether the conclusion sounds believable.
Name and describe the theories of deductive
reasoning. - answer-Johnson-Laird's mental
, model theory proposes that people reason by
building mental representations of situations.
Evans' heuristic-analytic theory proposes that
reasoning involves fast heuristic Type 1
processing and slower analytical Type 2
processing.
What are mental models for reasoning? -
answer-Mental models are internal
representations people construct while
reasoning. They help people determine whether
conclusions fit possible situations described by
premises.
What are the dual-system theories for
reasoning? - answer-Dual-system theories
propose two systems of reasoning. Type 1
processing is fast, intuitive, automatic, and
heuristic-based. Type 2 processing is slower,
effortful, analytical, and dependent on working
memory.
VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the individual differences observed in
reasoning? - answer-People differ in reasoning
because of differences in working memory, fluid
intelligence, sensitivity to logical form,
sensitivity to validity, and tendency to rely on
heuristics.
What is hypothesis testing? - answer-
Hypothesis testing is the process of evaluating
whether evidence supports or contradicts a
prediction or hypothesis. Strong hypothesis
testing requires searching for both confirming
evidence and disconfirming evidence instead of
only looking for support.
What is Wason's 2-4-6 task? Describe it. -
answer-Wason's 2-4-6 task is a hypothesis-
testing task where participants are shown the
sequence "2-4-6" and must determine the
,hidden rule by generating additional sequences.
Most participants assume the rule is "increase
by 2" and test only confirming examples,
showing confirmation bias. The actual rule is
simply ascending numbers.
What are simulated and real research
environments used in hypothesis testing? -
answer-Simulated research environments are
controlled laboratory tasks where participants
behave like scientists and test hypotheses in
artificial situations. Real research environments
involve studying how actual scientists form
hypotheses, collect evidence, revise theories,
and respond to contradictory findings during
real scientific work.
How is deductive reasoning different from
inductive reasoning? - answer-Inductive
reasoning moves from specific observations to
general conclusions, while deductive reasoning
moves from general principles to specific
,conclusions. Inductive conclusions are probable
but not guaranteed. Deductive conclusions
should be certain if the premises are true and
the logic is valid.
What is the Wason selection task? Describe it. -
answer-The Wason selection task is a
conditional reasoning task involving "If P, then
Q" rules. To test the rule correctly, participants
must check P and not Q. Most people instead
select cards matching the wording of the rule
because of matching bias.
What is syllogistic reasoning? - answer-
Syllogistic reasoning is deductive reasoning
involving two premises and a conclusion. The
goal is to determine whether the conclusion
logically follows from the premises regardless of
whether the conclusion sounds believable.
Name and describe the theories of deductive
reasoning. - answer-Johnson-Laird's mental
, model theory proposes that people reason by
building mental representations of situations.
Evans' heuristic-analytic theory proposes that
reasoning involves fast heuristic Type 1
processing and slower analytical Type 2
processing.
What are mental models for reasoning? -
answer-Mental models are internal
representations people construct while
reasoning. They help people determine whether
conclusions fit possible situations described by
premises.
What are the dual-system theories for
reasoning? - answer-Dual-system theories
propose two systems of reasoning. Type 1
processing is fast, intuitive, automatic, and
heuristic-based. Type 2 processing is slower,
effortful, analytical, and dependent on working
memory.
