BIOS256 / BIOS 256 Exam 2: (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Anatomy & Physiology IV
with Lab | Review Questions with Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
This BIOS 256 Exam 2 at Chamberlain University focuses on Nutrition,
Metabolism, and Renal Physiology. This highly sought-after study guide
consists of 68 core questions and answers designed to test your understanding of
macronutrient monomers, metabolic pathways, hormone regulations, and urinary
system functions.
The 68 Q&As cover four main high-yield topics to help you prepare for the exam:
1. Metabolism & Cellular Respiration
• Metabolism Definition: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. It
is divided into anabolism (building up molecules, consuming energy) and
catabolism (breaking down molecules, releasing energy).
• Cellular Respiration: The process that breaks down glucose to produce
ATP. It occurs in four stages:
1. Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose to pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
2. Acetyl-CoA Formation: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Generates ATP, CO_2, NADH,
and FADH_2.
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Uses oxygen as the final
electron acceptor to generate the majority of ATP.
• Metabolic States: Absorptive state (fed state, regulated by insulin) and
Postabsorptive state (fasting state, regulated by glucagon).
• Key Processes: Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis,
Lipogenesis, and Lipolysis.
2. Nutrition & Dietary Guidelines
1
, • Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids.
• Monomers:
o Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides (glucose,
fructose, galactose).
o Proteins break down into amino acids.
o Lipids break down into fatty acids and glycerol.
o Nucleic acids break down into nucleotides.
• Vitamins:
o Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.
o Water-soluble vitamins: B and C.
3. Renal Anatomy & Nephron Function
• Nephron Structure: The functional unit of the kidney, which consists of
the renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) and renal
tubules.
• Physiology Steps:
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
4. Water conservation
• Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): The amount of filtrate formed by
both kidneys per minute, regulated by the RAA system, neural regulation,
and myogenic mechanisms.
4. Hormone Regulation in the Kidneys
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Conserves fluid volume by promoting
water reabsorption in the kidneys.
• Aldosterone: Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the distal
convoluted tubule while excreting potassium.
2
, • Angiotensin II: Constricts blood vessels, stimulating the release of ADH
and aldosterone to increase blood pressure.
• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): Decreases blood volume and
pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion.
Quiz_________________?
Monomers of proteins, carbs and lipids, and nucleic acids -
Answer
Carbohydrates: Monomers are monosaccharides/sugar (glucose, galactose,
fructose)
Proteins: Monomers are amino acids
Lipids: Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic Acids: Monomers are nucleotides
Quiz_________________?
What is metabolism? -
Answer
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Quiz_________________?
Anabolism -
3
, Answer
-Endergonic reaction
-Energy is consumed as the reaction takes place.
-Build up!
-Create bonds between small molecules to make large molecules (polymers)
-Example: protein synthesis
Quiz_________________?
Catabolism -
Answer
-Exergonic reaction
-Energy is released as reaction takes place
-Break down
-Break bonds in large molecules (polymers) to make small molecules
-Example: digestion of starch to glucose
Quiz_________________?
What are the types of macronutrients? (essay) -
Answer
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
4
2027 Update) Anatomy & Physiology IV
with Lab | Review Questions with Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
This BIOS 256 Exam 2 at Chamberlain University focuses on Nutrition,
Metabolism, and Renal Physiology. This highly sought-after study guide
consists of 68 core questions and answers designed to test your understanding of
macronutrient monomers, metabolic pathways, hormone regulations, and urinary
system functions.
The 68 Q&As cover four main high-yield topics to help you prepare for the exam:
1. Metabolism & Cellular Respiration
• Metabolism Definition: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. It
is divided into anabolism (building up molecules, consuming energy) and
catabolism (breaking down molecules, releasing energy).
• Cellular Respiration: The process that breaks down glucose to produce
ATP. It occurs in four stages:
1. Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose to pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
2. Acetyl-CoA Formation: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Generates ATP, CO_2, NADH,
and FADH_2.
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Uses oxygen as the final
electron acceptor to generate the majority of ATP.
• Metabolic States: Absorptive state (fed state, regulated by insulin) and
Postabsorptive state (fasting state, regulated by glucagon).
• Key Processes: Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis,
Lipogenesis, and Lipolysis.
2. Nutrition & Dietary Guidelines
1
, • Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids.
• Monomers:
o Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides (glucose,
fructose, galactose).
o Proteins break down into amino acids.
o Lipids break down into fatty acids and glycerol.
o Nucleic acids break down into nucleotides.
• Vitamins:
o Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.
o Water-soluble vitamins: B and C.
3. Renal Anatomy & Nephron Function
• Nephron Structure: The functional unit of the kidney, which consists of
the renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) and renal
tubules.
• Physiology Steps:
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
4. Water conservation
• Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): The amount of filtrate formed by
both kidneys per minute, regulated by the RAA system, neural regulation,
and myogenic mechanisms.
4. Hormone Regulation in the Kidneys
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Conserves fluid volume by promoting
water reabsorption in the kidneys.
• Aldosterone: Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the distal
convoluted tubule while excreting potassium.
2
, • Angiotensin II: Constricts blood vessels, stimulating the release of ADH
and aldosterone to increase blood pressure.
• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): Decreases blood volume and
pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion.
Quiz_________________?
Monomers of proteins, carbs and lipids, and nucleic acids -
Answer
Carbohydrates: Monomers are monosaccharides/sugar (glucose, galactose,
fructose)
Proteins: Monomers are amino acids
Lipids: Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic Acids: Monomers are nucleotides
Quiz_________________?
What is metabolism? -
Answer
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Quiz_________________?
Anabolism -
3
, Answer
-Endergonic reaction
-Energy is consumed as the reaction takes place.
-Build up!
-Create bonds between small molecules to make large molecules (polymers)
-Example: protein synthesis
Quiz_________________?
Catabolism -
Answer
-Exergonic reaction
-Energy is released as reaction takes place
-Break down
-Break bonds in large molecules (polymers) to make small molecules
-Example: digestion of starch to glucose
Quiz_________________?
What are the types of macronutrients? (essay) -
Answer
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
4
