Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 Practice Quiz Questions &
Answers 2026 | Latest Study Guide
1. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases?
cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart
disease.
renal disease such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis.
Gastrointestinal disease such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn
disease.
2. What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
They are synthesized in the postsynaptic neuron.
They directly generate action potentials.
They inhibit the release of hormones.
3. A membrane pump like the Sodium Pump transports compounds by
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
4. If a cell's active transport mechanisms are inhibited, what physiological effect
might this have on the cell's internal environment?
The cell may experience an imbalance in ion concentrations.
The cell will increase its energy production.
, The cell will absorb more nutrients from its surroundings.
The cell will become impermeable to all substances.
5. What is the term for the mode of chemical signaling that involves hormones
traveling through the bloodstream?
Neurotransmission
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
6. Which statement regarding hypertrophy and hyperplasia is not correct?
hypertrophy is an increase in organ size due to an increase in cell size
hypertrophy and hyperplasia can result from physiologic stimuli
hypertrophy and hyperplasia can result from pathologic stimuli
hypertrophy and hyperplasia are mutually exclusive in all tissues
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by
acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive
active pumps?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteases
8. If a cell is exposed to an environment with high levels of free radicals, what
physiological changes might you expect to observe?
, Improved cell membrane integrity
Increased oxidative stress and potential cell death
Enhanced cell growth and division
Decreased metabolic activity
9. If the man with the bronchial biopsy quits smoking, what potential cellular
change might occur in his bronchial epithelium over time?
Continued presence of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Reversion to normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
Development of cancerous cells
Formation of fibrous tissue in the bronchial lining
10. Describe how hypoxia affects cellular osmotic pressure and the underlying
mechanisms involved.
Hypoxia increases oxygen levels, enhancing cellular metabolism and
reducing osmotic pressure.
Hypoxia leads to decreased ATP production, impairing sodium-
potassium pumps, causing sodium and water accumulation.
Hypoxia has no effect on osmotic pressure in cells.
Hypoxia causes cells to produce more proteins, which decreases
osmotic pressure.
11. Describe how aging affects cellular function in the human body.
Aging enhances cellular function, promoting faster healing.
Aging leads to a decline in cellular function, including reduced
cellular repair and regeneration.
, Aging has no significant impact on cellular function.
Aging improves cellular communication and signaling.
12. Although ___ is possibly reversible, it is considered a precancerous condition.
metaplasia
atrophy
hyperplasia
dysplasia
hypertrophy
13. If a patient experiences severe diarrhea for 48 hours, what treatment should
be prioritized to address the physiological response?
Pain management
Antibiotics
Rehydration therapy
Nutritional supplements
14. Describe how pathologic hyperplasia differs from normal hyperplasia.
Pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal increase in cell number,
while normal hyperplasia is a regulated response to a stimulus.
Pathologic hyperplasia involves cell death, while normal hyperplasia
involves cell growth.
Pathologic hyperplasia occurs only in cancerous tissues, whereas
normal hyperplasia occurs in healthy tissues.
Pathologic hyperplasia is reversible, while normal hyperplasia is not.
Answers 2026 | Latest Study Guide
1. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases?
cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart
disease.
renal disease such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis.
Gastrointestinal disease such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn
disease.
2. What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
They are synthesized in the postsynaptic neuron.
They directly generate action potentials.
They inhibit the release of hormones.
3. A membrane pump like the Sodium Pump transports compounds by
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
4. If a cell's active transport mechanisms are inhibited, what physiological effect
might this have on the cell's internal environment?
The cell may experience an imbalance in ion concentrations.
The cell will increase its energy production.
, The cell will absorb more nutrients from its surroundings.
The cell will become impermeable to all substances.
5. What is the term for the mode of chemical signaling that involves hormones
traveling through the bloodstream?
Neurotransmission
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
6. Which statement regarding hypertrophy and hyperplasia is not correct?
hypertrophy is an increase in organ size due to an increase in cell size
hypertrophy and hyperplasia can result from physiologic stimuli
hypertrophy and hyperplasia can result from pathologic stimuli
hypertrophy and hyperplasia are mutually exclusive in all tissues
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by
acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive
active pumps?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteases
8. If a cell is exposed to an environment with high levels of free radicals, what
physiological changes might you expect to observe?
, Improved cell membrane integrity
Increased oxidative stress and potential cell death
Enhanced cell growth and division
Decreased metabolic activity
9. If the man with the bronchial biopsy quits smoking, what potential cellular
change might occur in his bronchial epithelium over time?
Continued presence of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Reversion to normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
Development of cancerous cells
Formation of fibrous tissue in the bronchial lining
10. Describe how hypoxia affects cellular osmotic pressure and the underlying
mechanisms involved.
Hypoxia increases oxygen levels, enhancing cellular metabolism and
reducing osmotic pressure.
Hypoxia leads to decreased ATP production, impairing sodium-
potassium pumps, causing sodium and water accumulation.
Hypoxia has no effect on osmotic pressure in cells.
Hypoxia causes cells to produce more proteins, which decreases
osmotic pressure.
11. Describe how aging affects cellular function in the human body.
Aging enhances cellular function, promoting faster healing.
Aging leads to a decline in cellular function, including reduced
cellular repair and regeneration.
, Aging has no significant impact on cellular function.
Aging improves cellular communication and signaling.
12. Although ___ is possibly reversible, it is considered a precancerous condition.
metaplasia
atrophy
hyperplasia
dysplasia
hypertrophy
13. If a patient experiences severe diarrhea for 48 hours, what treatment should
be prioritized to address the physiological response?
Pain management
Antibiotics
Rehydration therapy
Nutritional supplements
14. Describe how pathologic hyperplasia differs from normal hyperplasia.
Pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal increase in cell number,
while normal hyperplasia is a regulated response to a stimulus.
Pathologic hyperplasia involves cell death, while normal hyperplasia
involves cell growth.
Pathologic hyperplasia occurs only in cancerous tissues, whereas
normal hyperplasia occurs in healthy tissues.
Pathologic hyperplasia is reversible, while normal hyperplasia is not.
