Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen University
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Terms in this set (195)
Stages of general adaptation 1. Alarm
syndrome Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistance
Adaptation
Limit stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation failing
Disease develops
Edema Excess fluid in the interstitial space
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) Can occur independently without electrolyte
defects
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of
blood solutes
Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit Decreased fluid in the intravascular space
,Hypotonic Hydration (fluid overload)
Causes of Fluid Deficit Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis
Prolonged hyperventilation Hemorrhage
Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus
Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive
use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations thirst, altered level of consciousness, hypotension,
tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular
veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin
turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
Cancer Benign Slow, progressive, localized, well defined,
resembles host (more differentiated), grows by
expansion, does not usually cause death
Cancer Malignant Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal,
highly undifferentiated
, Sodium Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte
of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance.
Plays a role in acid-base balance.
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal
tract.
Hypernatremia Sodium > 145 mEq/L
Serum osmolarity increases
• Results in fluid shifts
Causes of Hypernatremia Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV saline
(3% saline) administration
Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry
and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia,
increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness,
headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood pressure
changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse,
edema, and decreased urine output
Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified |
Latest Update 2026
Save
Terms in this set (195)
Stages of general adaptation 1. Alarm
syndrome Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistance
Adaptation
Limit stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation failing
Disease develops
Edema Excess fluid in the interstitial space
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) Can occur independently without electrolyte
defects
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of
blood solutes
Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit Decreased fluid in the intravascular space
,Hypotonic Hydration (fluid overload)
Causes of Fluid Deficit Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis
Prolonged hyperventilation Hemorrhage
Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus
Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive
use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations thirst, altered level of consciousness, hypotension,
tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular
veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin
turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
Cancer Benign Slow, progressive, localized, well defined,
resembles host (more differentiated), grows by
expansion, does not usually cause death
Cancer Malignant Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal,
highly undifferentiated
, Sodium Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte
of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance.
Plays a role in acid-base balance.
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal
tract.
Hypernatremia Sodium > 145 mEq/L
Serum osmolarity increases
• Results in fluid shifts
Causes of Hypernatremia Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV saline
(3% saline) administration
Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry
and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia,
increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness,
headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood pressure
changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse,
edema, and decreased urine output
