EXAM
Exam Solution zm
club literature 2026 A+ GRADE ASSURED COMPLETE S
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OLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (4C8AE) zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 1 zm
Term
ANSWER
Definition
QUESTION 2 zm
Martha Graham zm
ANSWER
(1894-
1991) was the first dancer invited to perform at the White House. As a choreographer, she develope
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d the "Graham technique" that creates dramatic tension through "contraction" and "release" of major
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muscles. Her first major success was her 1958 concert-
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length ballet Clytemnestra, one of four collaborations with composer Halim Ed-
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Dabh. She performed the title role in Clytemnestra with her namesake dance company, whose dance
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rs included Merce Cunningham and her husband, Erick Hawkins, both of whom went on to become
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choreographers in their own right. Hawkins danced the male lead in Appalachian Spring, a ballet wit
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h "an American theme" that Graham commissioned from Aaron Copland.
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QUESTION 3 zm
Jerome Robbins zm
ANSWER
(1918-
1998) is probably best known for his work with Leonard Bernstein. He broke through as a choreogr
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apher with an experimental ballet about three sailors on leave in New York City, Fancy Free, which
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he then helped rework into the hit 1944 musical On the Town. Known for being temperamental and
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mdifficult to work with, he conceived, choreographed, and directed the 1957 original production of W
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est Side Story and won an Oscar for co-
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,directing the 1961 film version (despite quitting early in the process due to creative differences). He
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also choreographed and directed the original production of Fiddler on the Roof. He acted as an unc
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redited "show doctor," rescuing several floundering Broadway shows, including A Funny Thing Happ
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ened on the Way to the Forum and Funny Girl.
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QUESTION 4 zm
George Balanchine zm
ANSWER
(1904-
1983) trained in his native Georgia (the country) and Russia and briefly worked with Sergei Diaghil
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ev at the Ballets Russes in Paris before being invited by impresario Lincoln Kirstein to the United St
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ates, where the two co-
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founded the New York City Ballet (NYCB) and its associated School of American Ballet. As artistic di
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rector of NYCB, Balanchine began the tradition of annually staging The Nutcracker at Christmas. One
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mof his four wives — all dancers —
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was the company's first major star, Native American prima ballerina Maria Tallchief. He collaborate
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d with composer Igor Stravinsky and visual artist Isamu Noguchi on the 30-minute ballet Orpheus.
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QUESTION 5 zm
Vaslav Nijinsky zm
ANSWER
(1889-
1950) was known as the greatest male dancer of his era, but what he really wanted to do was chor
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eograph. His boss at the Ballets Russes, Sergei Diaghilev, gave him the opportunity in 1912 with The
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Afternoon of a Faun, set to the music of Claude Debussy, and a year later a riot broke out at the p
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remiere of another ballet he choreographed, Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. (The exact cause of
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the riot is unclear.) In 1919 Nijinsky was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He never danced again in
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public, and spent much of the rest of his life in various asylums and institutions.
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QUESTION 6 zm
Alvin Ailey zm
ANSWER
(1931-1989) was a pioneering African- zm zm zm zm
American choreographer. He originally danced in the Horton Dance Company run by his mentor Lest
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er Horton. After Horton's unexpected death in 1953, Ailey took over as its artistic director. In 1958
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he formed Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York City. His best-
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known work, Revelations, was based on his upbringing in Texas and is divided into three parts, title
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d "Pilgrim of Sorrow," "Take Me to the Water," and "Move Members, Move." "Move Members, Move"
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memphasizes gospel music, including the traditional spiritual "Sinner Man," and concludes with the n
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umber "Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham," which recreates a joyous church service.
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,QUESTION 7 zm
Pierre Beauchamp zm
ANSWER
(1631-
1705) taught dance to French King Louis XIV at Versailles for over two decades. An early director o
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f the Western world's first dance institution, the Académie Royale de Danse, he collaborated extensi
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vely with Molière's acting company and the composer Jean-
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Baptiste Lully. He is often credited with codifying the five basic feet positions in ballet. His system o
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f dance notation, later revised by Raoul-
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Auger Feuillet and Pierre Rameau and today known as "Beauchamp-
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Feuillet notation," was used until the late 1700s.
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QUESTION 8 zm
Agnes de Mille zm zm
ANSWER
(1905-1993), the niece of the film director Cecil zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
B. DeMille and granddaughter of the economist Henry George, worked extensively with American Bal
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let Theater, but the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo commissioned her most famous work, Rodeo. That
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ballet, featuring music by Aaron Copland (possibly assisted by an uncredited Leonard Bernstein), det
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ails a love rectangle between characters known as American Cowgirl, Champion Roper, Head Wrangl
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er, and Rancher's Daughter. Her other notable stage ballets include Three Virgins and a Devil and Fa
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ll River Legend (based on the life of Lizzie Borden). De Mille also found success in musical theater,
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creating a revolutionary "dream ballet" for Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!.
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QUESTION 9 zm
Twyla Tharp zm
ANSWER
(1941-present) made her mark in the mid- zm zm zm zm zm zm
1970s with the "crossover ballets" Deuce Coupe (performed by the Joffrey Ballet to music by The Be
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ach Boys) and Push Comes to Shove (starring Mikhail Baryshnikov), both marked by a fusion of div
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erse musical and dance styles. She found success on Broadway with the "jukebox musical" Movin' O
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ut, set to the catalog of Billy Joel; she subsequently built musicals around the songs of Bob Dylan an
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d Frank Sinatra. She created the children's ballet The Princess and the Goblin and collaborated with
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director Milos Forman on the Hollywood films Hair, Ragtime, and Amadeus.
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QUESTION 10 zm
The Bacchae zm
ANSWER
, (Euripides,
c. 405 BC) At the start of this tragedy, the god Dionysus arrives in Thebes to seek vengeance agains
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t his aunt Agave, who has denied his immortality, and her son Pentheus, who as King of Thebes ban
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s the worship of Dionysus. The god first drives the women of the city mad, causing them to act as
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wild Maenads. He then convinces Pentheus to disguise himself in animal skins, and spy on the madd
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ened women. However, the demented Agave mistakes Pentheus for a mountain lion, and dismember
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s her own son. The climax of the play occurs when Agave presents the head of Pentheus to her hor
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rified father, Cadmus. As Agave realizes what she has done, Dionysus chastises her for her lack of re
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spect, and foretells how Cadmus will spend his final days.
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QUESTION 11 zm
Lady Murasaki Shikibu zm zm
ANSWER
( : Novelist, diarist, and lady-in-
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waiting. She was the author of the Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari), the first known novel; the diary
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mMurasaki Shikibu nikki; and a collection of tanka poems. The daughter of the court official Fujiwara
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mTametoki, she sat in on the classical Chinese literature lessons that her brother received, in spite of
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mthe Heian traditions against higher education for women.
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c. 978 -
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QUESTION 12 zm
Sei Shonaganzm
ANSWER
( : Like Lady Murasaki, Sei Shonagan was a lady-in-
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waiting of the Empress. Since Lady Murasaki and Sei Shonagan were contemporaries and known for
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mtheir wit, they were often rivals*. Sei Shonagan's only work is the Pillow Book (Makura no soshi),
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which is considered the best source of information about life at the Japanese court during the Heian
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mperiod (784-1185). zm
c. 966 -
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QUESTION 13 zm
Zeami
ANSWER
(1363-
1443), also called Kanze Motokiyo: The second master of the Kanze theatrical school, which had bee
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n founded by his father, he is regarded as the greatest playwright of the No theater. He provided 90
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of the approximately 230 plays in the modern repertoire. Among his best works are Atsumori, The
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Robe of Feathers, Birds of Sorrow, and Wind in the Pines. Also a drama critic, he established the ae
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sthetic standards by which plays have been judged ever since. His Fushi kaden (The Transmission of
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the Flower of Acting Style) is a manual for his pupils.
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Exam Solution zm
club literature 2026 A+ GRADE ASSURED COMPLETE S
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
OLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (4C8AE) zm zm zm zm
QUESTION 1 zm
Term
ANSWER
Definition
QUESTION 2 zm
Martha Graham zm
ANSWER
(1894-
1991) was the first dancer invited to perform at the White House. As a choreographer, she develope
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
d the "Graham technique" that creates dramatic tension through "contraction" and "release" of major
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
muscles. Her first major success was her 1958 concert-
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
length ballet Clytemnestra, one of four collaborations with composer Halim Ed-
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
Dabh. She performed the title role in Clytemnestra with her namesake dance company, whose dance
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rs included Merce Cunningham and her husband, Erick Hawkins, both of whom went on to become
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
choreographers in their own right. Hawkins danced the male lead in Appalachian Spring, a ballet wit
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h "an American theme" that Graham commissioned from Aaron Copland.
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QUESTION 3 zm
Jerome Robbins zm
ANSWER
(1918-
1998) is probably best known for his work with Leonard Bernstein. He broke through as a choreogr
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apher with an experimental ballet about three sailors on leave in New York City, Fancy Free, which
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he then helped rework into the hit 1944 musical On the Town. Known for being temperamental and
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mdifficult to work with, he conceived, choreographed, and directed the 1957 original production of W
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est Side Story and won an Oscar for co-
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,directing the 1961 film version (despite quitting early in the process due to creative differences). He
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also choreographed and directed the original production of Fiddler on the Roof. He acted as an unc
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redited "show doctor," rescuing several floundering Broadway shows, including A Funny Thing Happ
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ened on the Way to the Forum and Funny Girl.
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QUESTION 4 zm
George Balanchine zm
ANSWER
(1904-
1983) trained in his native Georgia (the country) and Russia and briefly worked with Sergei Diaghil
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ev at the Ballets Russes in Paris before being invited by impresario Lincoln Kirstein to the United St
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ates, where the two co-
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founded the New York City Ballet (NYCB) and its associated School of American Ballet. As artistic di
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rector of NYCB, Balanchine began the tradition of annually staging The Nutcracker at Christmas. One
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mof his four wives — all dancers —
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was the company's first major star, Native American prima ballerina Maria Tallchief. He collaborate
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d with composer Igor Stravinsky and visual artist Isamu Noguchi on the 30-minute ballet Orpheus.
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QUESTION 5 zm
Vaslav Nijinsky zm
ANSWER
(1889-
1950) was known as the greatest male dancer of his era, but what he really wanted to do was chor
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eograph. His boss at the Ballets Russes, Sergei Diaghilev, gave him the opportunity in 1912 with The
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Afternoon of a Faun, set to the music of Claude Debussy, and a year later a riot broke out at the p
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remiere of another ballet he choreographed, Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. (The exact cause of
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the riot is unclear.) In 1919 Nijinsky was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He never danced again in
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public, and spent much of the rest of his life in various asylums and institutions.
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QUESTION 6 zm
Alvin Ailey zm
ANSWER
(1931-1989) was a pioneering African- zm zm zm zm
American choreographer. He originally danced in the Horton Dance Company run by his mentor Lest
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er Horton. After Horton's unexpected death in 1953, Ailey took over as its artistic director. In 1958
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he formed Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York City. His best-
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known work, Revelations, was based on his upbringing in Texas and is divided into three parts, title
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d "Pilgrim of Sorrow," "Take Me to the Water," and "Move Members, Move." "Move Members, Move"
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memphasizes gospel music, including the traditional spiritual "Sinner Man," and concludes with the n
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umber "Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham," which recreates a joyous church service.
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,QUESTION 7 zm
Pierre Beauchamp zm
ANSWER
(1631-
1705) taught dance to French King Louis XIV at Versailles for over two decades. An early director o
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f the Western world's first dance institution, the Académie Royale de Danse, he collaborated extensi
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vely with Molière's acting company and the composer Jean-
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Baptiste Lully. He is often credited with codifying the five basic feet positions in ballet. His system o
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f dance notation, later revised by Raoul-
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Auger Feuillet and Pierre Rameau and today known as "Beauchamp-
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Feuillet notation," was used until the late 1700s.
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QUESTION 8 zm
Agnes de Mille zm zm
ANSWER
(1905-1993), the niece of the film director Cecil zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
B. DeMille and granddaughter of the economist Henry George, worked extensively with American Bal
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let Theater, but the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo commissioned her most famous work, Rodeo. That
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ballet, featuring music by Aaron Copland (possibly assisted by an uncredited Leonard Bernstein), det
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ails a love rectangle between characters known as American Cowgirl, Champion Roper, Head Wrangl
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er, and Rancher's Daughter. Her other notable stage ballets include Three Virgins and a Devil and Fa
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ll River Legend (based on the life of Lizzie Borden). De Mille also found success in musical theater,
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creating a revolutionary "dream ballet" for Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!.
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QUESTION 9 zm
Twyla Tharp zm
ANSWER
(1941-present) made her mark in the mid- zm zm zm zm zm zm
1970s with the "crossover ballets" Deuce Coupe (performed by the Joffrey Ballet to music by The Be
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ach Boys) and Push Comes to Shove (starring Mikhail Baryshnikov), both marked by a fusion of div
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erse musical and dance styles. She found success on Broadway with the "jukebox musical" Movin' O
zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm zm
ut, set to the catalog of Billy Joel; she subsequently built musicals around the songs of Bob Dylan an
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d Frank Sinatra. She created the children's ballet The Princess and the Goblin and collaborated with
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director Milos Forman on the Hollywood films Hair, Ragtime, and Amadeus.
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QUESTION 10 zm
The Bacchae zm
ANSWER
, (Euripides,
c. 405 BC) At the start of this tragedy, the god Dionysus arrives in Thebes to seek vengeance agains
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t his aunt Agave, who has denied his immortality, and her son Pentheus, who as King of Thebes ban
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s the worship of Dionysus. The god first drives the women of the city mad, causing them to act as
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wild Maenads. He then convinces Pentheus to disguise himself in animal skins, and spy on the madd
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ened women. However, the demented Agave mistakes Pentheus for a mountain lion, and dismember
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s her own son. The climax of the play occurs when Agave presents the head of Pentheus to her hor
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rified father, Cadmus. As Agave realizes what she has done, Dionysus chastises her for her lack of re
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spect, and foretells how Cadmus will spend his final days.
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QUESTION 11 zm
Lady Murasaki Shikibu zm zm
ANSWER
( : Novelist, diarist, and lady-in-
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waiting. She was the author of the Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari), the first known novel; the diary
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mMurasaki Shikibu nikki; and a collection of tanka poems. The daughter of the court official Fujiwara
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mTametoki, she sat in on the classical Chinese literature lessons that her brother received, in spite of
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mthe Heian traditions against higher education for women.
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c. 978 -
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QUESTION 12 zm
Sei Shonaganzm
ANSWER
( : Like Lady Murasaki, Sei Shonagan was a lady-in-
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waiting of the Empress. Since Lady Murasaki and Sei Shonagan were contemporaries and known for
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mtheir wit, they were often rivals*. Sei Shonagan's only work is the Pillow Book (Makura no soshi),
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which is considered the best source of information about life at the Japanese court during the Heian
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mperiod (784-1185). zm
c. 966 -
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QUESTION 13 zm
Zeami
ANSWER
(1363-
1443), also called Kanze Motokiyo: The second master of the Kanze theatrical school, which had bee
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n founded by his father, he is regarded as the greatest playwright of the No theater. He provided 90
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of the approximately 230 plays in the modern repertoire. Among his best works are Atsumori, The
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Robe of Feathers, Birds of Sorrow, and Wind in the Pines. Also a drama critic, he established the ae
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sthetic standards by which plays have been judged ever since. His Fushi kaden (The Transmission of
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the Flower of Acting Style) is a manual for his pupils.
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