INBDE PHARMACOLOGY REVIEW
SHEET 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS
◉ define first order reaction. Answer: half life depends on RATE
CONSTANT
◉ define pharmacodynamics. Answer: how drug AFFECTS body
◉ what are bisphosphonates used for?. Answer: - paget's disease
- osteoporosis
- hypercalcemia of malignancy
◉ what is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?. Answer: -
binds to hydroxyapatite --> inhibit osteoclasts --> trigger apoptosis of
osteoclasts
- inhibit angiogenesis
- reduced bone turnover and resorption
◉ which bisphosphonate is given via IV?. Answer: zoledronic acid
◉ what is the order of potency of bisphosphonates?. Answer: etidronate
(least) --> pamidronate --> alendronate --> risedronate -->
zoledronate/minodronate
,◉ what is the mechanism of action for diuretics?. Answer: reduce blood
volume and BP by inhibiting reuptake of sodium and water
◉ what kind of diuretic is furosemide?. Answer: loop diuretic - inhibit
Na/K/Cl channels --> increased excretion of water and ions
◉ which part of the nephron does furosemide have an effect on?.
Answer: proximal and distal tubules, loop of henle
◉ what are side effects of furosemide?. Answer: - hypokalemia
- hearing loss
- interstitial nephritis
◉ what kind of diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide?. Answer: thiazide
diuretic - inhibits Na/Cl channels
◉ which part of the nephron does hydrochlorothiazide have an effect
on?. Answer: distal convoluted tubule
◉ what are side effects of hydrochlorothiazide?. Answer: - hypokalemia
- headaches, dizziness
- xerostomia
- arrhythmias
, ◉ what kind of diuretic is spironolactone?. Answer: potassium sparing
diuretic
- antagonizes aldosterone receptors
- decreases renal reabsorption of Na+ --> reduced BP
◉ what are side effects of spironolactone?. Answer: hyperkalemia
◉ what is the mechanism of action of hydralazine?. Answer: direct
vasodilation of blood vessels
◉ what is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?.
Answer: - blocks calcium influx --> vasodilation, decreases cardiac
workload, lowers BP
◉ what type of calcium channel blocker is nifedipine?. Answer: L-type
calcium channel blocker
◉ what is a side effect of calcium channel blockers?. Answer: gingival
enlargement
◉ what kind of anti-hypertensive is verapamil?. Answer: calcium
channel blocker
SHEET 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS
◉ define first order reaction. Answer: half life depends on RATE
CONSTANT
◉ define pharmacodynamics. Answer: how drug AFFECTS body
◉ what are bisphosphonates used for?. Answer: - paget's disease
- osteoporosis
- hypercalcemia of malignancy
◉ what is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?. Answer: -
binds to hydroxyapatite --> inhibit osteoclasts --> trigger apoptosis of
osteoclasts
- inhibit angiogenesis
- reduced bone turnover and resorption
◉ which bisphosphonate is given via IV?. Answer: zoledronic acid
◉ what is the order of potency of bisphosphonates?. Answer: etidronate
(least) --> pamidronate --> alendronate --> risedronate -->
zoledronate/minodronate
,◉ what is the mechanism of action for diuretics?. Answer: reduce blood
volume and BP by inhibiting reuptake of sodium and water
◉ what kind of diuretic is furosemide?. Answer: loop diuretic - inhibit
Na/K/Cl channels --> increased excretion of water and ions
◉ which part of the nephron does furosemide have an effect on?.
Answer: proximal and distal tubules, loop of henle
◉ what are side effects of furosemide?. Answer: - hypokalemia
- hearing loss
- interstitial nephritis
◉ what kind of diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide?. Answer: thiazide
diuretic - inhibits Na/Cl channels
◉ which part of the nephron does hydrochlorothiazide have an effect
on?. Answer: distal convoluted tubule
◉ what are side effects of hydrochlorothiazide?. Answer: - hypokalemia
- headaches, dizziness
- xerostomia
- arrhythmias
, ◉ what kind of diuretic is spironolactone?. Answer: potassium sparing
diuretic
- antagonizes aldosterone receptors
- decreases renal reabsorption of Na+ --> reduced BP
◉ what are side effects of spironolactone?. Answer: hyperkalemia
◉ what is the mechanism of action of hydralazine?. Answer: direct
vasodilation of blood vessels
◉ what is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?.
Answer: - blocks calcium influx --> vasodilation, decreases cardiac
workload, lowers BP
◉ what type of calcium channel blocker is nifedipine?. Answer: L-type
calcium channel blocker
◉ what is a side effect of calcium channel blockers?. Answer: gingival
enlargement
◉ what kind of anti-hypertensive is verapamil?. Answer: calcium
channel blocker
