Nur 180 Exam 1 Nursing Exam Study Guide
2026/2027
⭐ Complete Questions with Correct Detailed Answers |
Latest Updated Version | High Pass Success
Prepare confidently for your nursing exams with this comprehensive and exam-focused
Nursing Study Guide (2026/2027 Edition). Designed for nursing students and healthcare
learners, this resource helps you review key concepts, strengthen clinical understanding, and
improve exam performance.
This guide includes complete exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully
organized to reflect commonly tested nursing topics and real exam standards. Each answer is
followed by clear explanations to help reinforce learning, improve critical thinking, and
strengthen clinical decision-making skills.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Complete nursing exam-style questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct answers with detailed explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested nursing concepts
✔ Clear and organized format for fast and effective revision
✔ Latest updated version (2026/2027) for accurate preparation
🩺 Topics Commonly Covered
• Fundamentals of Nursing
• Medical-Surgical Nursing
• Pharmacology and Medication Administration
• Pediatric and Maternal Nursing
• Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
• Patient Care, Safety, and Ethics
• Clinical Assessment and Nursing Interventions
,🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
This study guide helps students simplify complex nursing concepts, practice exam-style
questions, and improve confidence before exams. The detailed explanations support deeper
understanding and better retention of important nursing material.
🎯 Ideal For
• Nursing school exams and assessments
• NCLEX-style practice and review
• Midterm and final exam preparation
• Last-minute revision sessions
• Strengthening clinical knowledge and test-taking skills
📚 A reliable and practical nursing study resource designed to help students prepare
smarter, strengthen understanding, and succeed in their nursing exams.
What is oxygenation?
How does it work?
Oxygenation involves ventilation and perfusion
- Ventilation is the process of gas exchange (carbon dioxide for oxygen)
- Perfusion involves removing toxins, metabolic waste products, CO2 from tissues
For oxygenation what do we assess?
What changes would we see?
Assess:
- Respiratory rate
- Breathing
- Pulse ox
- Lung sounds
- Skin color
- Nailbed (Capillary refill)
Some changes include:
- increase in respiratory rate
- increase in breathing effort/work
(ex. using intercostal muscles, nasal flaring, labor breathing)
- decrease in pulse ox
- cyanosis (blue discoloring in lips and nailbed)
,What are the two types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)?
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphysema
Describe chronic bronchitis.
A type of COPD, which the number and size of goblet cells increase leading to
excessive mucus production and persistent inflammation and edema.
Also impair cilia (lines trachea and bronchioles) function, which leads to being unable to
bring up secretion and inefficient secretion clearing.
Describe emphysema.
A type of COPD, which leads to the destruction or enlargement of alveoli and the
enzyme protease are being released due to inflammation.
How many stages of COPD are there?
How are they classified into each stage?
There are 4 stages total, and is classify based on the severity and is determined
by forced expiratory volume and symptoms (FVE) - the amount of air exhaled in one
second.
Describe the pathogenesis of COPD
What is the function of antitrypsin?
Regulates the protease enzyme, a deficiency causes an increase in protease which
leads to the break down of elastin (cell wall/septa of alveolar) in lung tissue, the avolar
which then loses the elasticity and is unable to squeeze the co2 out of them. Which
makes the alveolar vulnerable to enlargement or popping.
What kind of problems does air way obstruction from COPD cause?
- air (CO2) trapping
- dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- frequent infections (inability to efficiently clear secretions)
These results in a abnormal ventilation perfusion ratio, leading to:
- hypoxia (low O2 level)
- hypoventilation (low O2 level in tissue
- Cor pulmonale (lung is congested and there is a buildup of CO2 which causes
vasoconstriction of the pulmonary artery <supplies blood to the heart> the blood then
can't return to the heart, leading to right side heart failure)
Describe the following conditions:
Physiological Shunting
Dead space.
Physiological Shunting
impair ventilation, the airway is blocked/narrowed so O2 and CO2 is not exchanged and
deoxygenated blood goes black to circulation to the body.
Dead Space:
impair perfusion, there is an embolism or capillary obstruction preventing gas exchange
despite co2 and o2 are still being exchange, deoxygenated blood goes back to the
heart.
What symptoms might a patient with chronic bronchitis present with? (6)
- chronic cough (ongoing for 3 months or more, within 2 years in a row)
- dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- tachycardia (the heart thinks it can get more oxygen if it works harder)
, - narrow airway passages
- wheezing
- air trapping
What symptoms might a patient with emphysema present with?
(6)
- air trapping ( inflammation, alveolars losing elasticity/popping)
- decrease in breathing sounds/ wheezing
- dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- barrel chest (when the diameter of the chest is the same from the front and side view,
due to alveoli staying in a full/half full state so the chest itself is always in a state of
inhalation due to not exhaling efficiently)
- purse lip (when exhaling they might put their lips together like whistling, this prolong
exhalation which allows them to exhale more)
- tripod position (in picture, where they are sitting up and leaning forward with hands on
chest/table)
What are some intervention nurses can do for patient with COPD? (11)
- encourage patient to stop smoking
- bronchodilators
- corticosteroids (decrease inflammation)
- O2
- fluids (helps loosen secretion, replenish fluid loss through breathing through the
mouth)
- effective coughing
- posture changes (repositioning on the bed, pulmonary toilet )
- elevated hob
- monitor ABG's (aterial blood gases)
- mechanical ventilators
- nutrient (foods that are easy to eat)
What is pulmonary toliet?
aka. pulmonary hygiene
refers to exercises and procedures that help to clear your airways of mucus and
other secretions
ex. chest pt, chest percussions, postural drainage
How does mechanical ventilator work?
CPap and Bipap
There's 2 pressure:
- inhalation, when patient breaths the machine pushes air into the lungs
- expiratory, the pressure decreases allowing patient to exhale
This takes the work of breathing off of patient so patient only has to initiate the process.
Why should one take extra care when administering O2 to a COPD patient?
One's drive to breath comes from the buildup of CO2, but in COPD patient there is
naturally CO2 buildup so they become immune. Instead their drive comes from
a decrease of O2 (can be around 90% - normal for them).
Their O2 should be monitored when they are performing activities, as it then to
decrease. Make sure it remains at least 90.
What is one issue of concern regarding patient with COPD?
2026/2027
⭐ Complete Questions with Correct Detailed Answers |
Latest Updated Version | High Pass Success
Prepare confidently for your nursing exams with this comprehensive and exam-focused
Nursing Study Guide (2026/2027 Edition). Designed for nursing students and healthcare
learners, this resource helps you review key concepts, strengthen clinical understanding, and
improve exam performance.
This guide includes complete exam questions with correct detailed answers, carefully
organized to reflect commonly tested nursing topics and real exam standards. Each answer is
followed by clear explanations to help reinforce learning, improve critical thinking, and
strengthen clinical decision-making skills.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Complete nursing exam-style questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct answers with detailed explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested nursing concepts
✔ Clear and organized format for fast and effective revision
✔ Latest updated version (2026/2027) for accurate preparation
🩺 Topics Commonly Covered
• Fundamentals of Nursing
• Medical-Surgical Nursing
• Pharmacology and Medication Administration
• Pediatric and Maternal Nursing
• Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
• Patient Care, Safety, and Ethics
• Clinical Assessment and Nursing Interventions
,🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
This study guide helps students simplify complex nursing concepts, practice exam-style
questions, and improve confidence before exams. The detailed explanations support deeper
understanding and better retention of important nursing material.
🎯 Ideal For
• Nursing school exams and assessments
• NCLEX-style practice and review
• Midterm and final exam preparation
• Last-minute revision sessions
• Strengthening clinical knowledge and test-taking skills
📚 A reliable and practical nursing study resource designed to help students prepare
smarter, strengthen understanding, and succeed in their nursing exams.
What is oxygenation?
How does it work?
Oxygenation involves ventilation and perfusion
- Ventilation is the process of gas exchange (carbon dioxide for oxygen)
- Perfusion involves removing toxins, metabolic waste products, CO2 from tissues
For oxygenation what do we assess?
What changes would we see?
Assess:
- Respiratory rate
- Breathing
- Pulse ox
- Lung sounds
- Skin color
- Nailbed (Capillary refill)
Some changes include:
- increase in respiratory rate
- increase in breathing effort/work
(ex. using intercostal muscles, nasal flaring, labor breathing)
- decrease in pulse ox
- cyanosis (blue discoloring in lips and nailbed)
,What are the two types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)?
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphysema
Describe chronic bronchitis.
A type of COPD, which the number and size of goblet cells increase leading to
excessive mucus production and persistent inflammation and edema.
Also impair cilia (lines trachea and bronchioles) function, which leads to being unable to
bring up secretion and inefficient secretion clearing.
Describe emphysema.
A type of COPD, which leads to the destruction or enlargement of alveoli and the
enzyme protease are being released due to inflammation.
How many stages of COPD are there?
How are they classified into each stage?
There are 4 stages total, and is classify based on the severity and is determined
by forced expiratory volume and symptoms (FVE) - the amount of air exhaled in one
second.
Describe the pathogenesis of COPD
What is the function of antitrypsin?
Regulates the protease enzyme, a deficiency causes an increase in protease which
leads to the break down of elastin (cell wall/septa of alveolar) in lung tissue, the avolar
which then loses the elasticity and is unable to squeeze the co2 out of them. Which
makes the alveolar vulnerable to enlargement or popping.
What kind of problems does air way obstruction from COPD cause?
- air (CO2) trapping
- dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- frequent infections (inability to efficiently clear secretions)
These results in a abnormal ventilation perfusion ratio, leading to:
- hypoxia (low O2 level)
- hypoventilation (low O2 level in tissue
- Cor pulmonale (lung is congested and there is a buildup of CO2 which causes
vasoconstriction of the pulmonary artery <supplies blood to the heart> the blood then
can't return to the heart, leading to right side heart failure)
Describe the following conditions:
Physiological Shunting
Dead space.
Physiological Shunting
impair ventilation, the airway is blocked/narrowed so O2 and CO2 is not exchanged and
deoxygenated blood goes black to circulation to the body.
Dead Space:
impair perfusion, there is an embolism or capillary obstruction preventing gas exchange
despite co2 and o2 are still being exchange, deoxygenated blood goes back to the
heart.
What symptoms might a patient with chronic bronchitis present with? (6)
- chronic cough (ongoing for 3 months or more, within 2 years in a row)
- dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- tachycardia (the heart thinks it can get more oxygen if it works harder)
, - narrow airway passages
- wheezing
- air trapping
What symptoms might a patient with emphysema present with?
(6)
- air trapping ( inflammation, alveolars losing elasticity/popping)
- decrease in breathing sounds/ wheezing
- dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- barrel chest (when the diameter of the chest is the same from the front and side view,
due to alveoli staying in a full/half full state so the chest itself is always in a state of
inhalation due to not exhaling efficiently)
- purse lip (when exhaling they might put their lips together like whistling, this prolong
exhalation which allows them to exhale more)
- tripod position (in picture, where they are sitting up and leaning forward with hands on
chest/table)
What are some intervention nurses can do for patient with COPD? (11)
- encourage patient to stop smoking
- bronchodilators
- corticosteroids (decrease inflammation)
- O2
- fluids (helps loosen secretion, replenish fluid loss through breathing through the
mouth)
- effective coughing
- posture changes (repositioning on the bed, pulmonary toilet )
- elevated hob
- monitor ABG's (aterial blood gases)
- mechanical ventilators
- nutrient (foods that are easy to eat)
What is pulmonary toliet?
aka. pulmonary hygiene
refers to exercises and procedures that help to clear your airways of mucus and
other secretions
ex. chest pt, chest percussions, postural drainage
How does mechanical ventilator work?
CPap and Bipap
There's 2 pressure:
- inhalation, when patient breaths the machine pushes air into the lungs
- expiratory, the pressure decreases allowing patient to exhale
This takes the work of breathing off of patient so patient only has to initiate the process.
Why should one take extra care when administering O2 to a COPD patient?
One's drive to breath comes from the buildup of CO2, but in COPD patient there is
naturally CO2 buildup so they become immune. Instead their drive comes from
a decrease of O2 (can be around 90% - normal for them).
Their O2 should be monitored when they are performing activities, as it then to
decrease. Make sure it remains at least 90.
What is one issue of concern regarding patient with COPD?
