Music History Humanities EXAM #3 on
Baroque Period Review Medieval to
Baroque Questions and Answers Latest
Versions 2026
Who was "Cardinal Richelieu?"
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu, commonly
referred to as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman and
statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was
appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. Cardinal de Richelieu was
often known by the title of the king's "Chief Minister" or "First
Minister". He restricted the freedom of French Protestants and
sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions.
By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France
into a strong, centralized state.
Who is credited with transforming France into a strong,
centralized state in the 18th century?
Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister to Louis XIV.
Who was "Cardinal Mazarin?"
Cardinal Jules Mazarin was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and
politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France
Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death in
1661. Mazarin continued Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and
laid the foundation for Louis XIV's expansionist policies.
Who was "Louis XIV?" ***IMPORTANT!
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King
of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of
72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of
a sovereign country in European history. Louis XIV called himself
the 'Sun King' and his reign is famous for the extension
of absolute royal rule and the building of the palace at Versailles,
which seemed to summarize Louis XIV's reign.
Who famously stated "L 'Etat c'est moi" and what does it
mean? ***IMPORTANT!
Meaning "I am the state," it was stated by King Louis XIV of
,France and became the embodiment of his absolute rule.
Identify the three MAIN changes that happened in France as
a result of Louis XIV's absolute rule.
,1. The French Protestants (i.e. Huguenots) were mercilessly
persecuted.
2. The policies of the Bourbon ancestors became the chief
guidelines of French life.
3. The concept of mercantilism overtook economic policies and
state control.
TRUE or FALSE: Under Louis XIV's absolute reign, the
religious freedoms of the French Protestants (i.e. Huguenots)
flourished.
FALSE! Louis XIV canceled what freedom remained of
the Huguenots, persecuting them until they converted to Roman
Catholicism, fled in exile, or were killed.
Define "mercantilism."
A system of creating and maintaining wealth through carefully
controlled trade.
What architectural foundation served as the symbol of Louis
XIV's reign of self-glorification?
The Palace of Versailles.
Following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, which dynasty took
over the English throne?
The Stuart Dynasty.
How did the absolutist reign of England differ from that of
France?
Eventually becoming a limited monarchy, the English property-
owning classes and nobility served together as Parliament, a
system to keep royal power in check.
Explain the political turmoil that occurred in England
between 1600 and 1653. ***IMPORTANT!
Meeting regularly, Parliament saw itself as the king's partner, not
his enemy. The country's Calvinist minority (i.e. Puritans) were
not despised by the Anglican majority. When the headstrong
Charles I came to the throne, a constitutional crisis ensued.
Parliament led a successful civil war, toppling the monarchy and
, setting up a republic called the "Commonwealth," in 1649. It
soon became a military dictatorship under Puritan leader, Oliver
Cromwell.
Define "Commonwealth of England."
The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period
from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with
Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end
of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution
of Charles I.
What was the "Restoration?"
The Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in the kingdoms of
England, Scotland and Ireland took place in 1660 when King
Charles II returned from exile in Europe (a result of his father
Charles I's execution.) Occurred between 1660-1688. In 1688
King James II, Charles II's brother, was expelled in a bloodless
coup known as the Glorious Revolution.
Define "Glorious Revolution."
The bloodless overthrow (i.e. coup d' etat) of King James II (a
Catholic ruler) that brought his daughter and son-in-law, William
III and Mary II (Protestants) into English power as joint
sovereigns.
TRUE or FALSE: Warfare was crucial in establishing the
great power system in Europe.
TRUE! The most successful states were those in which the king
could marshal his country's resources behind his military
goals. Warfare and diplomacy now became means for keeping
the existing state system in check.
Define the "Thirty Years War." ***IMPORTANT!
The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between
the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged
the Austrian Hapsburgs and the German princes. Fought primarily
in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, it was one of the most
destructive conflicts in human history; it resulted in eight million
Baroque Period Review Medieval to
Baroque Questions and Answers Latest
Versions 2026
Who was "Cardinal Richelieu?"
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu, commonly
referred to as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman and
statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was
appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. Cardinal de Richelieu was
often known by the title of the king's "Chief Minister" or "First
Minister". He restricted the freedom of French Protestants and
sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions.
By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France
into a strong, centralized state.
Who is credited with transforming France into a strong,
centralized state in the 18th century?
Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister to Louis XIV.
Who was "Cardinal Mazarin?"
Cardinal Jules Mazarin was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and
politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France
Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death in
1661. Mazarin continued Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and
laid the foundation for Louis XIV's expansionist policies.
Who was "Louis XIV?" ***IMPORTANT!
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King
of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of
72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of
a sovereign country in European history. Louis XIV called himself
the 'Sun King' and his reign is famous for the extension
of absolute royal rule and the building of the palace at Versailles,
which seemed to summarize Louis XIV's reign.
Who famously stated "L 'Etat c'est moi" and what does it
mean? ***IMPORTANT!
Meaning "I am the state," it was stated by King Louis XIV of
,France and became the embodiment of his absolute rule.
Identify the three MAIN changes that happened in France as
a result of Louis XIV's absolute rule.
,1. The French Protestants (i.e. Huguenots) were mercilessly
persecuted.
2. The policies of the Bourbon ancestors became the chief
guidelines of French life.
3. The concept of mercantilism overtook economic policies and
state control.
TRUE or FALSE: Under Louis XIV's absolute reign, the
religious freedoms of the French Protestants (i.e. Huguenots)
flourished.
FALSE! Louis XIV canceled what freedom remained of
the Huguenots, persecuting them until they converted to Roman
Catholicism, fled in exile, or were killed.
Define "mercantilism."
A system of creating and maintaining wealth through carefully
controlled trade.
What architectural foundation served as the symbol of Louis
XIV's reign of self-glorification?
The Palace of Versailles.
Following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, which dynasty took
over the English throne?
The Stuart Dynasty.
How did the absolutist reign of England differ from that of
France?
Eventually becoming a limited monarchy, the English property-
owning classes and nobility served together as Parliament, a
system to keep royal power in check.
Explain the political turmoil that occurred in England
between 1600 and 1653. ***IMPORTANT!
Meeting regularly, Parliament saw itself as the king's partner, not
his enemy. The country's Calvinist minority (i.e. Puritans) were
not despised by the Anglican majority. When the headstrong
Charles I came to the throne, a constitutional crisis ensued.
Parliament led a successful civil war, toppling the monarchy and
, setting up a republic called the "Commonwealth," in 1649. It
soon became a military dictatorship under Puritan leader, Oliver
Cromwell.
Define "Commonwealth of England."
The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period
from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with
Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end
of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution
of Charles I.
What was the "Restoration?"
The Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in the kingdoms of
England, Scotland and Ireland took place in 1660 when King
Charles II returned from exile in Europe (a result of his father
Charles I's execution.) Occurred between 1660-1688. In 1688
King James II, Charles II's brother, was expelled in a bloodless
coup known as the Glorious Revolution.
Define "Glorious Revolution."
The bloodless overthrow (i.e. coup d' etat) of King James II (a
Catholic ruler) that brought his daughter and son-in-law, William
III and Mary II (Protestants) into English power as joint
sovereigns.
TRUE or FALSE: Warfare was crucial in establishing the
great power system in Europe.
TRUE! The most successful states were those in which the king
could marshal his country's resources behind his military
goals. Warfare and diplomacy now became means for keeping
the existing state system in check.
Define the "Thirty Years War." ***IMPORTANT!
The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between
the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged
the Austrian Hapsburgs and the German princes. Fought primarily
in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, it was one of the most
destructive conflicts in human history; it resulted in eight million
