Page 1 of 45
Engage Fundamentals PN Elimination
Assessment 2.0 Exam Review Guide +
Correct Answers 2026/2027
Q1. Which structure stores urine before it is excreted?
✅ Answer: Urinary bladder.
🧠 Rationale: The bladder is a muscular sac that holds urine until
voluntary micturition. Normal capacity is 400–600 mL.
Q2. What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for
filtering blood?
✅ Answer: Nephron.
🧠 Rationale: Each kidney contains ~1 million nephrons,
consisting of glomerulus and tubules. They filter blood, reabsorb
nutrients, and excrete wastes.
Q3. Normal urine output for an adult is at least:
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✅ Answer: 30 mL/hour (0.5 mL/kg/hour).
🧠 Rationale: Oliguria is <400 mL/day or <30 mL/hour. Anuria
is <50 mL/day.
Q4. Which muscle must relax to allow urine to pass from the
bladder?
✅ Answer: External urethral sphincter (voluntary).
🧠 Rationale: Micturition involves parasympathetic contraction of
detrusor muscle and conscious relaxation of external sphincter.
Q5. The hormone that increases water reabsorption in the
kidneys is:
✅ Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
🧠 Rationale: ADH from the posterior pituitary acts on collecting
ducts to concentrate urine. Decreased ADH leads to diabetes
insipidus.
Q6–30 (selected topics – anatomy & physiology)
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Q6: Location of kidneys – retroperitoneal at T12–L3.
Q7: Normal urine pH range – *4.5–8.0, average 6.0*.
Q8: Specific gravity of normal urine – *1.005–1.030*.
Q9: First sign of dehydration in urine – increased specific
gravity.
Q10: Ureters function – transport urine via peristalsis.
Q11: Trigone of bladder – smooth triangular area, site of
infections.
Q12: Parasympathetic innervation of bladder – S2–S4
(pelvic nerves).
Q13: Sympathetic innervation – T10–L2, relaxes detrusor.
Q14: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) – *125 mL/min
normal*.
Q15: Creatinine clearance – best estimate of GFR.
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Q16: Normal serum creatinine – *0.6–1.2 mg/dL*.
Q17: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) normal – *7–20 mg/dL*.
Q18: Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system – regulates BP
and sodium.
Q19: Aldosterone action – retain sodium, excrete potassium.
Q20: Coloration of urine with blood – hematuria
(red/brown).
Q21: Pyuria – pus in urine, indicates infection.
Q22: Transitional epithelium lines – bladder, ureters.
Q23: Micturition reflex center – sacral spinal cord.
Q24: Voluntary inhibition of micturition – pontine micturition
center.
Q25: Effect of aging on bladder – reduced capacity,
increased nocturia.
Engage Fundamentals PN Elimination
Assessment 2.0 Exam Review Guide +
Correct Answers 2026/2027
Q1. Which structure stores urine before it is excreted?
✅ Answer: Urinary bladder.
🧠 Rationale: The bladder is a muscular sac that holds urine until
voluntary micturition. Normal capacity is 400–600 mL.
Q2. What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for
filtering blood?
✅ Answer: Nephron.
🧠 Rationale: Each kidney contains ~1 million nephrons,
consisting of glomerulus and tubules. They filter blood, reabsorb
nutrients, and excrete wastes.
Q3. Normal urine output for an adult is at least:
,Page 2 of 45
✅ Answer: 30 mL/hour (0.5 mL/kg/hour).
🧠 Rationale: Oliguria is <400 mL/day or <30 mL/hour. Anuria
is <50 mL/day.
Q4. Which muscle must relax to allow urine to pass from the
bladder?
✅ Answer: External urethral sphincter (voluntary).
🧠 Rationale: Micturition involves parasympathetic contraction of
detrusor muscle and conscious relaxation of external sphincter.
Q5. The hormone that increases water reabsorption in the
kidneys is:
✅ Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
🧠 Rationale: ADH from the posterior pituitary acts on collecting
ducts to concentrate urine. Decreased ADH leads to diabetes
insipidus.
Q6–30 (selected topics – anatomy & physiology)
,Page 3 of 45
Q6: Location of kidneys – retroperitoneal at T12–L3.
Q7: Normal urine pH range – *4.5–8.0, average 6.0*.
Q8: Specific gravity of normal urine – *1.005–1.030*.
Q9: First sign of dehydration in urine – increased specific
gravity.
Q10: Ureters function – transport urine via peristalsis.
Q11: Trigone of bladder – smooth triangular area, site of
infections.
Q12: Parasympathetic innervation of bladder – S2–S4
(pelvic nerves).
Q13: Sympathetic innervation – T10–L2, relaxes detrusor.
Q14: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) – *125 mL/min
normal*.
Q15: Creatinine clearance – best estimate of GFR.
, Page 4 of 45
Q16: Normal serum creatinine – *0.6–1.2 mg/dL*.
Q17: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) normal – *7–20 mg/dL*.
Q18: Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system – regulates BP
and sodium.
Q19: Aldosterone action – retain sodium, excrete potassium.
Q20: Coloration of urine with blood – hematuria
(red/brown).
Q21: Pyuria – pus in urine, indicates infection.
Q22: Transitional epithelium lines – bladder, ureters.
Q23: Micturition reflex center – sacral spinal cord.
Q24: Voluntary inhibition of micturition – pontine micturition
center.
Q25: Effect of aging on bladder – reduced capacity,
increased nocturia.
