CPH EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Attributable risk - ANSWER ✔ Rate of disease in exposed individuals that
can be attributed to the exposure. Or the proportion of all cases that can be
attributed to a particular exposure.
2. Adjusted rate - ANSWER ✔ Effects of differences in composition of pops
being compared have been minimized by statistical methods.
ex: regression analysis and strandardization
-often used on rates or relative risks
3. Ecological Fallacy - ANSWER ✔ Bias that may occur because an
association observed between variables or an aggregate level does not
represent the association that exists at an individual level
4. Confidence Interval - ANSWER ✔ 95% confident that the true value of a
variable is contained within the interval.
-used to account for sampling variability
-it is a point estimate +_ margin of error, where the point estimate is the best
estimate of teh unknown parameter and the margin of error is the product of the
confidence level and the standard error.
if a 95% CI for the differences in mean does not include 0 (the null value) then
there is eveidence of a statistically significant difference at sigma=0.05
5. Clinical Trial Phases - ANSWER ✔ 1. Safety and Pharmacologic profiles
2. pilot efficacy studies
3. extensive clinical trials
,4. after the FDA approves, look at specific effects to establish incidence of
adverse reactions, etc. longterm use effects.
6. interpretation of studies - ANSWER ✔ temporality: cause precedes effect
Specificity: important in assessing the possibility of biases.
Consistency: several studies showing similar results. homogeneity statistically.
7. Confounders - ANSWER ✔ -non-causal association between exposure and
outcome as a result of a third variable.
-distortion of effect by other factors
-must be related to exposure AND outcome
-not an intermediate variable on causal pathway
8. Controlling for confounders - ANSWER ✔ before data collection: random
collection, individual matching, frequency matching
After data collection: direct adjustment, indirect adjustment, mantel-haenszel,
regression techniques
9. Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control - ANSWER ✔ QA: ensure quality
before data collection
QC: monitor and maintain quality during study
10.ten basic requirements for good medical care - ANSWER ✔ availability,
adequacy, accessibility, acceptability of care, appropriateness of care,
readily evaluated, accountability, completeness of care, comprehensiveness
of care and continuity of care.
11.Many people do not attempt to decrease unhealthy behaviors such as
overeating or smoking because they lack the confidence that they can
successfully change. This is an example of:
(A) Perceived susceptibility
(B) Perceived severity
(C) Perceived self-efficacy
(D) Perceived response efficacy - ANSWER ✔ C
12.The construct of normative beliefs is from which model/theory?
(A) Transtheoretical model
, (B) Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior
(C) Social cognitive theory
(D) Social ecological model - ANSWER ✔ B
13.Which of the following do social cognitive theory and the social ecological
model have in common?
(A) Both take into consideration factors that are within the individual and
factors that operate outside the individual.
(B) Both focus primarily on environmental determinants of behavior that
must be addressed at the policy level.
(C) Both come out of the value expectancy paradigm that associates
behaviors with valued outcomes.
(D) Both originally were developed exclusively to explain unhealthy
versus healthy behaviors. - ANSWER ✔ A
14.A population of rural women experiences a high rate of mortality related to
breast cancer. Researchers at a local university implement a breast cancer
screening intervention. This intervention is an example of:
(A) Tertiary prevention
(B) Advocacy
(C) Secondary prevention
(D) Primary prevention - ANSWER ✔ C
15.All intervention messages (printed, computer-delivered, or Internet-based)
must:
(A) Start with the most important information first
(B) Include graphics, pictures, and the like to attract people's attention
(C) Be written at a reading level suitable to the target population
(D) Be no longer than four sentences so that the reader does not become
bored - ANSWER ✔ C
16.What is the best screening recommendation for lung cancer?
(A) X-ray examination annually
(B) Blood test annually
(C) No screening recommended
(D) Sputum cytology every 3 years - ANSWER ✔ C
17.The main risk factor of a hemorrhagic stroke is:
(A) Atherosclerosis
, (B) High blood pressure
(C) High blood sugar
(D) Blood clot in the heart - ANSWER ✔ B
18.The double arrows between groups of people in a Stock and Flow diagram
illustrate:
(A) "Flows," the accumulation of individuals in certain conditions at any
point in time
(B) "Stocks," the accumulation of individuals in certain conditions at any
point in time
(C) "Flows," the movement of individuals during a specific interval of
time
(D) "Stocks," the movement of individuals during a specific interval of
time - ANSWER ✔ C
19.The CDC argues that the current focus of the US health systems is on
"tertiary preventions." According to a Stock and Flow diagram, that focus
would be most likely to produce which of the following outcomes?
(A) Minimize overall prevalence of the disease or condition in the
population
(B) Minimize overall financial expenditures for treatment of the disease
or condition
(C) Minimize the cost of lost wages from the disease or condition
(D) Minimize or delay mortality from the disease or condition -
ANSWER ✔ D
20.According to a Stock and Flow diagram, expanded intervention focused on
"Tertiary prevention" is likely to have the following unintended
consequence:
(A) "Afflicted with Complications" will increase
(B) Mortality will be delayed or reduced
(C) "Safer Healthier People" will decrease
(D) "Afflicted without Complications" will increase - ANSWER ✔ A
21.Systems thinking, while conceptually challenging, is one of the most
valuable skills a manager can bring to resolving organizational problems
because:
(A) It provides a framework for viewing the organization as a series of
interrelationships and lays the foundation for problem solving
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Attributable risk - ANSWER ✔ Rate of disease in exposed individuals that
can be attributed to the exposure. Or the proportion of all cases that can be
attributed to a particular exposure.
2. Adjusted rate - ANSWER ✔ Effects of differences in composition of pops
being compared have been minimized by statistical methods.
ex: regression analysis and strandardization
-often used on rates or relative risks
3. Ecological Fallacy - ANSWER ✔ Bias that may occur because an
association observed between variables or an aggregate level does not
represent the association that exists at an individual level
4. Confidence Interval - ANSWER ✔ 95% confident that the true value of a
variable is contained within the interval.
-used to account for sampling variability
-it is a point estimate +_ margin of error, where the point estimate is the best
estimate of teh unknown parameter and the margin of error is the product of the
confidence level and the standard error.
if a 95% CI for the differences in mean does not include 0 (the null value) then
there is eveidence of a statistically significant difference at sigma=0.05
5. Clinical Trial Phases - ANSWER ✔ 1. Safety and Pharmacologic profiles
2. pilot efficacy studies
3. extensive clinical trials
,4. after the FDA approves, look at specific effects to establish incidence of
adverse reactions, etc. longterm use effects.
6. interpretation of studies - ANSWER ✔ temporality: cause precedes effect
Specificity: important in assessing the possibility of biases.
Consistency: several studies showing similar results. homogeneity statistically.
7. Confounders - ANSWER ✔ -non-causal association between exposure and
outcome as a result of a third variable.
-distortion of effect by other factors
-must be related to exposure AND outcome
-not an intermediate variable on causal pathway
8. Controlling for confounders - ANSWER ✔ before data collection: random
collection, individual matching, frequency matching
After data collection: direct adjustment, indirect adjustment, mantel-haenszel,
regression techniques
9. Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control - ANSWER ✔ QA: ensure quality
before data collection
QC: monitor and maintain quality during study
10.ten basic requirements for good medical care - ANSWER ✔ availability,
adequacy, accessibility, acceptability of care, appropriateness of care,
readily evaluated, accountability, completeness of care, comprehensiveness
of care and continuity of care.
11.Many people do not attempt to decrease unhealthy behaviors such as
overeating or smoking because they lack the confidence that they can
successfully change. This is an example of:
(A) Perceived susceptibility
(B) Perceived severity
(C) Perceived self-efficacy
(D) Perceived response efficacy - ANSWER ✔ C
12.The construct of normative beliefs is from which model/theory?
(A) Transtheoretical model
, (B) Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior
(C) Social cognitive theory
(D) Social ecological model - ANSWER ✔ B
13.Which of the following do social cognitive theory and the social ecological
model have in common?
(A) Both take into consideration factors that are within the individual and
factors that operate outside the individual.
(B) Both focus primarily on environmental determinants of behavior that
must be addressed at the policy level.
(C) Both come out of the value expectancy paradigm that associates
behaviors with valued outcomes.
(D) Both originally were developed exclusively to explain unhealthy
versus healthy behaviors. - ANSWER ✔ A
14.A population of rural women experiences a high rate of mortality related to
breast cancer. Researchers at a local university implement a breast cancer
screening intervention. This intervention is an example of:
(A) Tertiary prevention
(B) Advocacy
(C) Secondary prevention
(D) Primary prevention - ANSWER ✔ C
15.All intervention messages (printed, computer-delivered, or Internet-based)
must:
(A) Start with the most important information first
(B) Include graphics, pictures, and the like to attract people's attention
(C) Be written at a reading level suitable to the target population
(D) Be no longer than four sentences so that the reader does not become
bored - ANSWER ✔ C
16.What is the best screening recommendation for lung cancer?
(A) X-ray examination annually
(B) Blood test annually
(C) No screening recommended
(D) Sputum cytology every 3 years - ANSWER ✔ C
17.The main risk factor of a hemorrhagic stroke is:
(A) Atherosclerosis
, (B) High blood pressure
(C) High blood sugar
(D) Blood clot in the heart - ANSWER ✔ B
18.The double arrows between groups of people in a Stock and Flow diagram
illustrate:
(A) "Flows," the accumulation of individuals in certain conditions at any
point in time
(B) "Stocks," the accumulation of individuals in certain conditions at any
point in time
(C) "Flows," the movement of individuals during a specific interval of
time
(D) "Stocks," the movement of individuals during a specific interval of
time - ANSWER ✔ C
19.The CDC argues that the current focus of the US health systems is on
"tertiary preventions." According to a Stock and Flow diagram, that focus
would be most likely to produce which of the following outcomes?
(A) Minimize overall prevalence of the disease or condition in the
population
(B) Minimize overall financial expenditures for treatment of the disease
or condition
(C) Minimize the cost of lost wages from the disease or condition
(D) Minimize or delay mortality from the disease or condition -
ANSWER ✔ D
20.According to a Stock and Flow diagram, expanded intervention focused on
"Tertiary prevention" is likely to have the following unintended
consequence:
(A) "Afflicted with Complications" will increase
(B) Mortality will be delayed or reduced
(C) "Safer Healthier People" will decrease
(D) "Afflicted without Complications" will increase - ANSWER ✔ A
21.Systems thinking, while conceptually challenging, is one of the most
valuable skills a manager can bring to resolving organizational problems
because:
(A) It provides a framework for viewing the organization as a series of
interrelationships and lays the foundation for problem solving
