PSIO 201 EXAM 3 2026 FINAL PAPER
PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
ACCURATE A+
◉ Explain the major purpose of muscle.
Answer: converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical
energy of motion
◉ List the functions of muscles.
Answer: movement of whole body, body parts, organ contents
stability: maintain posture and prevent movement
communication: speech, facial expression and writing
control of opening and passageways: sphincters (internal muscular rings)
body heat production
◉ Characterize the connective tissues of a muscle.
Answer: fascia: separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from
each other and the subcutaneous tissue; deep (found between adjacent
muscles) and superficial/hypodermis (found between skin and muscles,
contains adipose tissue)
,epimysium: fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle, outer surface
grades into the fascia
perimysium: surround fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), carry larger
nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors
endomysium: thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each
muscle fiber/cell, allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach
each muscle fibers
◉ Describe the connective tissue elements and how they merge with
other tissues.
Answer: tendons (attachments between muscle and bone): dense-regular
connective tissue composed of collagen fibers; the epimysium
surrounding the entire muscle is continuous with collagen fibers of
tendons which, in turn, are continuous with connective tissue
(periosteum) of bone
collagen is somewhat extensible and elastic; stretches slightly under
tension, recoils when released; resists excessive stretching and protects
muscle from injury, returns muscle to its resting length, contribute to
power output and muscle efficiency
◉ Explain the role of collagen in connective tissues.
Answer: collagen is somewhat extensible and elastic; stretches slightly
under tension, recoils when released; resists excessive stretching and
,protects muscle from injury, returns muscle to its resting length,
contribute to power output and muscle efficiency
◉ List the skeletal muscle shapes and examples.
Answer: fusiform muscles: thick in middle and tapered at end (biceps
brachii, gastrocnemius)
triangular/convergent muscles: broad at origin and tapering to a
narrower insertion (pectoralis major, temporalis)
parallel muscles: parallel fascicles, can span longer distances than other
shapes (rectus abdominis, zygomaticus major)
circular muscles: act as sphincters, ring around body opening
(orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters)
pennate muscles: fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon (feather shaped);
unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate (palmar interosseus, rectus
femoris and deltoid)
◉ Describe the ways in which muscles attach to bone.
Answer: indirect: tendons attach muscle to bone; collagen fibers of
endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon, from there the
tendon merges into the periosteum of bone, very strong structural
continuity from muscle to bone (stress will tear the tendon before pulling
it loose from either muscle or bone) (i.e. biceps brachii,
, calcaneal/Achilles tendon), aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet
(like palmar aponeurosis)
direct/fleshy: little spearation b/n muscle and bone, muscle seems to
immerge directly from bone, margins of brachialis, lateral head of
triceps brachii
some skeletal muscles insert in dermis of skin (muscles of facial
expression)
◉ tendons attach muscle to bone.
Answer:
◉ Define origin and insertion.
Answer: origin: bony attachment at the stationary end of muscle
insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
◉ Describe the functional groups of muscles and give an example.
Answer: action: the effects produced by a muscle (to produce or prevent
movement)
prime mover (agonist): muscle that produces most of force during a joint
action (brachialis)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
ACCURATE A+
◉ Explain the major purpose of muscle.
Answer: converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical
energy of motion
◉ List the functions of muscles.
Answer: movement of whole body, body parts, organ contents
stability: maintain posture and prevent movement
communication: speech, facial expression and writing
control of opening and passageways: sphincters (internal muscular rings)
body heat production
◉ Characterize the connective tissues of a muscle.
Answer: fascia: separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from
each other and the subcutaneous tissue; deep (found between adjacent
muscles) and superficial/hypodermis (found between skin and muscles,
contains adipose tissue)
,epimysium: fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle, outer surface
grades into the fascia
perimysium: surround fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), carry larger
nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors
endomysium: thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each
muscle fiber/cell, allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach
each muscle fibers
◉ Describe the connective tissue elements and how they merge with
other tissues.
Answer: tendons (attachments between muscle and bone): dense-regular
connective tissue composed of collagen fibers; the epimysium
surrounding the entire muscle is continuous with collagen fibers of
tendons which, in turn, are continuous with connective tissue
(periosteum) of bone
collagen is somewhat extensible and elastic; stretches slightly under
tension, recoils when released; resists excessive stretching and protects
muscle from injury, returns muscle to its resting length, contribute to
power output and muscle efficiency
◉ Explain the role of collagen in connective tissues.
Answer: collagen is somewhat extensible and elastic; stretches slightly
under tension, recoils when released; resists excessive stretching and
,protects muscle from injury, returns muscle to its resting length,
contribute to power output and muscle efficiency
◉ List the skeletal muscle shapes and examples.
Answer: fusiform muscles: thick in middle and tapered at end (biceps
brachii, gastrocnemius)
triangular/convergent muscles: broad at origin and tapering to a
narrower insertion (pectoralis major, temporalis)
parallel muscles: parallel fascicles, can span longer distances than other
shapes (rectus abdominis, zygomaticus major)
circular muscles: act as sphincters, ring around body opening
(orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters)
pennate muscles: fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon (feather shaped);
unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate (palmar interosseus, rectus
femoris and deltoid)
◉ Describe the ways in which muscles attach to bone.
Answer: indirect: tendons attach muscle to bone; collagen fibers of
endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon, from there the
tendon merges into the periosteum of bone, very strong structural
continuity from muscle to bone (stress will tear the tendon before pulling
it loose from either muscle or bone) (i.e. biceps brachii,
, calcaneal/Achilles tendon), aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet
(like palmar aponeurosis)
direct/fleshy: little spearation b/n muscle and bone, muscle seems to
immerge directly from bone, margins of brachialis, lateral head of
triceps brachii
some skeletal muscles insert in dermis of skin (muscles of facial
expression)
◉ tendons attach muscle to bone.
Answer:
◉ Define origin and insertion.
Answer: origin: bony attachment at the stationary end of muscle
insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
◉ Describe the functional groups of muscles and give an example.
Answer: action: the effects produced by a muscle (to produce or prevent
movement)
prime mover (agonist): muscle that produces most of force during a joint
action (brachialis)
