CCJ 3011 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
What is the central premise of labeling theory? - ANS the formal and informal application of
"labels"
In labeling theory, what does a relative lack of power lead to? - ANS the differential
application of official stigmatizing labels
Are "labels" independent or dependent variables? - ANS "labels" can be independent or
dependent variables, depending on the situation
What matters more: the criminal behavior that causes "labels" to be added, or the criminal
behavior that follows? - ANS the criminal behavior that follows the addition of "labels"
matters more
Who proposed the "looking-glass self" theory? - ANS Cooly (1902)
What is the main idea of the looking-glass self theory? - ANS self-image is created through
social interaction; identity is shaped through how we imagine other people perceive us
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,What did Mead (1934) posit, that expanded on the looking-glass self theory? -
ANS individuals construct shared meanings and understandings, such as the self, when
communicating with others
Who made the earliest statements that would ultimately become known as labeling theory? -
ANS Tennenbaum (1938)
What is the "dramatization of evil"? - ANS the process of applying stigma to youthful
offenders
Who proposed primary and secondary deviance in labeling theory? - ANS Lemert (1951)
What is primary deviance in labeling theory? - ANS the initial act of deviance
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory? - ANS the responsive acts to the deviance
True or false:
In labeling theory, a primary deviance is a societal reaction, while a secondary deviance is an
isolated incident. - ANS False
In labeling theory, a primary deviance is an isolated incident, while a secondary deviance is a
societal reaction.
Who conducted and wrote the study "Outsiders"? - ANS Becker (1963)
What does labeling theory identify the differential application of official stigmatizing labels to be
the result of? - ANS a relative lack of power
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, Does labeling increase or decrease the likelihood of secondary deviance? - ANS labeling
increases the likelihood of secondary deviances
Does labeling increase or decrease the number of conventional opportunities for an individual?
- ANS labeling decreases the number of conventional opportunities for an individual
What three elements mediate the relationship between labeling and secondary deviance? -
ANS - Self-concept
- Reduced conventional opportunities
- Increased deviant peer associations
What do the characteristics of an individual impact the likelihood of? - ANS criminal justice
contact and labeling
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim "Labeling increases the likelihood of secondary
deviance"? - ANS Chiricos, et al. (2007)
What did Chiricos, et al. (2007) study, and what were the primary findings? - ANS - Studied
men and women from Florida to find the effects of formal adjudication on recidivism
- Found that formal adjudication (i.e., the labeling process) increased the likelihood of
recidivism, even after controlling for prior criminal records and other factors
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim "Labeling reduces conventional opportunities"? -
ANS Widdowson, et al. (2016)
What did Widdowson, et al. (2016) study, and was were the primary findings? - ANS - Studied
how high school arrests effected college opportunities
- Found that arrests during high school reduced the odds of enrollment in a 4-year college
immediately following high school
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 17
ANSWERS 100% PASS
What is the central premise of labeling theory? - ANS the formal and informal application of
"labels"
In labeling theory, what does a relative lack of power lead to? - ANS the differential
application of official stigmatizing labels
Are "labels" independent or dependent variables? - ANS "labels" can be independent or
dependent variables, depending on the situation
What matters more: the criminal behavior that causes "labels" to be added, or the criminal
behavior that follows? - ANS the criminal behavior that follows the addition of "labels"
matters more
Who proposed the "looking-glass self" theory? - ANS Cooly (1902)
What is the main idea of the looking-glass self theory? - ANS self-image is created through
social interaction; identity is shaped through how we imagine other people perceive us
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 17
,What did Mead (1934) posit, that expanded on the looking-glass self theory? -
ANS individuals construct shared meanings and understandings, such as the self, when
communicating with others
Who made the earliest statements that would ultimately become known as labeling theory? -
ANS Tennenbaum (1938)
What is the "dramatization of evil"? - ANS the process of applying stigma to youthful
offenders
Who proposed primary and secondary deviance in labeling theory? - ANS Lemert (1951)
What is primary deviance in labeling theory? - ANS the initial act of deviance
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory? - ANS the responsive acts to the deviance
True or false:
In labeling theory, a primary deviance is a societal reaction, while a secondary deviance is an
isolated incident. - ANS False
In labeling theory, a primary deviance is an isolated incident, while a secondary deviance is a
societal reaction.
Who conducted and wrote the study "Outsiders"? - ANS Becker (1963)
What does labeling theory identify the differential application of official stigmatizing labels to be
the result of? - ANS a relative lack of power
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 17
, Does labeling increase or decrease the likelihood of secondary deviance? - ANS labeling
increases the likelihood of secondary deviances
Does labeling increase or decrease the number of conventional opportunities for an individual?
- ANS labeling decreases the number of conventional opportunities for an individual
What three elements mediate the relationship between labeling and secondary deviance? -
ANS - Self-concept
- Reduced conventional opportunities
- Increased deviant peer associations
What do the characteristics of an individual impact the likelihood of? - ANS criminal justice
contact and labeling
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim "Labeling increases the likelihood of secondary
deviance"? - ANS Chiricos, et al. (2007)
What did Chiricos, et al. (2007) study, and what were the primary findings? - ANS - Studied
men and women from Florida to find the effects of formal adjudication on recidivism
- Found that formal adjudication (i.e., the labeling process) increased the likelihood of
recidivism, even after controlling for prior criminal records and other factors
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim "Labeling reduces conventional opportunities"? -
ANS Widdowson, et al. (2016)
What did Widdowson, et al. (2016) study, and was were the primary findings? - ANS - Studied
how high school arrests effected college opportunities
- Found that arrests during high school reduced the odds of enrollment in a 4-year college
immediately following high school
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 17
