BIOL 110 FINAL EXAM FULL STUDY GUIDE WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED
RATED A+
What are atoms? What do atoms make up?
Atoms are the smallest functional unit of matter
Atoms make up the element that they have chemical properties of
What are the 3 subatomic particles? What are their charges and
where are they found?
Protons have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus
Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus
Electrons have a negative charge and are found in orbitals
What are electron orbitals? What do they resemble?
Regions around the nucleus where it is highly probable to find an
electron
They resemble a cloud
What is Rutherford's experiment? What did he discover?
Rutherford shot alpha particles at gold foil to determine what the
particles would do: either bounce off, deflect slightly, or go through the
foil
He discovered that most of an atom is empty space
,What types of orbitals are there? What are electron shells? How are
orbitals and shells related?
There are s orbitals (sphere) and p orbitals (propeller), which can each
have 2 electrons
Electron shells are farther and farther away from the nucleus and they
can hold more electrons
Orbitals are within shells, for example the second shell is [2s, 2p]
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons; it can also be the number of electrons if the
atom has no net charge
How is the periodic table organized? What are the rows and columns
called? What do the rows and columns mean?
The periodic table is organized by atomic number.
Rows are called periods, and they indicate the number of electron shells
in an element
Columns are called groups, and they indicate the number of electrons in
the outer shell as well as bonding properties
What is atomic mass? What is the atomic mass scale?
Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons
Atomic mass scale is an atom's mass relative to other atoms' masses,
mostly based on Carbon
,What are isotopes? What do isotopes determine?
Isotopes are different forms of an element with different numbers of
neutrons
The average of all natural isotope weights is the atomic mass of an
element
What is mass?
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance
What is weight?
Weight is determined by gravitational pull
What are daltons? What are moles?
A dalton is the mass of one proton, also called amu
Moles are the amount of atoms
What are the 4 main elements in living organisms?
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon
What is a molecule/compound?
A molecule/compound is 2+ atoms bonded together
What is molecular formula?
Molecular formula is chemical symbols with subscripts showing how
they are bonded together
What are covalent bonds? What types are there? Are they strong or
weak? Why do covalent bonds form?
, Covalent bonds happen when atoms share electron pairs
There are non polar and polar covalent bonds
They are very strong
They form to fulfill the octet rule
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
The atoms that are sharing electrons have similar electronegativity
What are polar covalent bonds? Are electrons shared equally?
The atoms that share electrons have different electronegativity
Electrons share unequally, and the more electronegative atom typically
brings the electron closer to them
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is the attraction to electrons in an atom
What is polarity? What does it cause in polar covalent bonds?
Polarity is a difference in electric charge
It causes partial negative and positive charges
What are Hydrogen bonds? Are they strong or weak?
When a hydrogen atom from a polar molecule is attracted to an
electronegative atom
They are weak individually, but strong together
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED
RATED A+
What are atoms? What do atoms make up?
Atoms are the smallest functional unit of matter
Atoms make up the element that they have chemical properties of
What are the 3 subatomic particles? What are their charges and
where are they found?
Protons have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus
Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus
Electrons have a negative charge and are found in orbitals
What are electron orbitals? What do they resemble?
Regions around the nucleus where it is highly probable to find an
electron
They resemble a cloud
What is Rutherford's experiment? What did he discover?
Rutherford shot alpha particles at gold foil to determine what the
particles would do: either bounce off, deflect slightly, or go through the
foil
He discovered that most of an atom is empty space
,What types of orbitals are there? What are electron shells? How are
orbitals and shells related?
There are s orbitals (sphere) and p orbitals (propeller), which can each
have 2 electrons
Electron shells are farther and farther away from the nucleus and they
can hold more electrons
Orbitals are within shells, for example the second shell is [2s, 2p]
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons; it can also be the number of electrons if the
atom has no net charge
How is the periodic table organized? What are the rows and columns
called? What do the rows and columns mean?
The periodic table is organized by atomic number.
Rows are called periods, and they indicate the number of electron shells
in an element
Columns are called groups, and they indicate the number of electrons in
the outer shell as well as bonding properties
What is atomic mass? What is the atomic mass scale?
Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons
Atomic mass scale is an atom's mass relative to other atoms' masses,
mostly based on Carbon
,What are isotopes? What do isotopes determine?
Isotopes are different forms of an element with different numbers of
neutrons
The average of all natural isotope weights is the atomic mass of an
element
What is mass?
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance
What is weight?
Weight is determined by gravitational pull
What are daltons? What are moles?
A dalton is the mass of one proton, also called amu
Moles are the amount of atoms
What are the 4 main elements in living organisms?
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon
What is a molecule/compound?
A molecule/compound is 2+ atoms bonded together
What is molecular formula?
Molecular formula is chemical symbols with subscripts showing how
they are bonded together
What are covalent bonds? What types are there? Are they strong or
weak? Why do covalent bonds form?
, Covalent bonds happen when atoms share electron pairs
There are non polar and polar covalent bonds
They are very strong
They form to fulfill the octet rule
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
The atoms that are sharing electrons have similar electronegativity
What are polar covalent bonds? Are electrons shared equally?
The atoms that share electrons have different electronegativity
Electrons share unequally, and the more electronegative atom typically
brings the electron closer to them
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is the attraction to electrons in an atom
What is polarity? What does it cause in polar covalent bonds?
Polarity is a difference in electric charge
It causes partial negative and positive charges
What are Hydrogen bonds? Are they strong or weak?
When a hydrogen atom from a polar molecule is attracted to an
electronegative atom
They are weak individually, but strong together
