BYU PDBIO 305 HANSEN FINAL Updated most Frequent Tested Exam
2026 WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well Analyzed Exam
Questions (Actual Exam 2026-2027) Correct Detailed & Verified
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Describe the role of ATP in energy metabolism. -ANSWERS-ate releases energy which cells
harness to perform work
Define substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Give examples of each. -
ANSWERS-substrate level is a direct transfer of a phosphate group from a previously
phosphorylated compound to a molecule of adp like creatine or glycolysis oxidative has
different long cycles such as glycolysis to linking step to krebs cycle to electron transport chain
Describe the outcomes of glycolysis. -ANSWERS-glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2P= 2
Pyruvate+2NADH+2H+2ATP
Describe the outcomes of the linking step. -ANSWERS-converts ONE pyruvate (there are 2 in
glycolysis) into- acetyl-CoA, 1NADH, 1CO2
Describe the outcomes of Kreb's cycle . -ANSWERS-Each acetyl CoA from linking step produces-
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2
Describe the complete process of glucose breakdown from glycolysis through the ETC. Account
for all carbons, NADH, CO2, FADH2 and ATP produced and/or consumed. -ANSWERS-Electron
transport chain makes 2.5 ATP/1 NADH, and 1.5 ATP/1 FADH. In total if all pyruvate and acetyl
are taken through (2 and 2), 32 ATP are produced.
Describe the effect of uncoupling proteins on the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. -
ANSWERS-uncoupling proteins release energy from a high energy electron which powers the
process, then the ATP synthase protein uses that energy to generate ATP from ADP. Makes 2.5
and 1.5 ATP/ molecule so efficient
,Explain the general process of fat oxidation. -ANSWERS-fatty acids and triglycerides are
converted to acetyl CoA through beta oxidation, then acetyl is ran through like normal
Explain the importance of lactate dehydrogenase. -ANSWERS-a separate pathway (less
efficient) to produce atp for energy without oxygen present.
Explain the role of chemical, electrical and electrochemical driving forces in the passive
transport of substances across a membrane. -ANSWERS-2 forms of passive transport: simple
diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Simple is through lipid bilayer and channels with a
concentration gradient. Facilitated is a carrier allowing substance to go through regardless of
driving force
Distinguish between passive and active transport -ANSWERS-passive transport (facilitated and
simple) doesn't require energy to do, while active transport (primary and secondary) require
energy to move across and against a gradient
List and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion -ANSWERS-simple: magnitude of
concentration gradient, surface area, permeability.
facilitated: rate of transport of carrier, number of carriers, concentration gradient
Explain the distinction between primary and secondary active transport -ANSWERS-primary:
uses ATP directly to transport
secondary: powered by type of gradient that was produced by primary
Describe how the Na+/K+ pump functions -ANSWERS-sodium and one phosphorous from ATP
enter the pump and it open releasing sodium, and accepting potassium enters into the cell then
the P drops off
Explain why secondary active transport is dependent on primary active transport -ANSWERS-
depends on the gradient made by primary first.
, Describe the concept of homeostasis and how it relates to the regulation of physiological
processes. -ANSWERS-Homeostasis is the relative constant conditions in the internal
environment. Basically keeping the body at constant equilibrium
Explain how negative feedback works and its effect on homeostasis. -ANSWERS-opposes initial
change to the body. sensor, control center, effector
Describe examples of negative feedback in the human body. -ANSWERS-temperature, swelling,
Describe the parts of a negative feedback system (sensor, control center, effector). -ANSWERS-
Sensor senses magnitude of change, control center compares sensors measurement to normal,
effector responds to control center
Explain how positive feedback works and its effect on homeostasis. -ANSWERS-amplifies initial
change
Describe examples of positive feedback in the human body. -ANSWERS-pregnancy, salivation
Describe feed-forward control and give examples -ANSWERS-responses made in anticipation of
change. Salivary gland activates when bell rings for lunch
Define metabolism. -ANSWERS-all the chemical reactions that occur in your body
Explain properties of receptors -ANSWERS-specificity: typically only binds to one type of
messenger
saturable: limited number of spaces means it plateaus
competable: agonist can bind to it and cause a biological response without messenger,
antagonist can bind and cause no response
2026 WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well Analyzed Exam
Questions (Actual Exam 2026-2027) Correct Detailed & Verified
ANSWERS (100% Accurate Solutions) ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST
VERSION Of The Exam Guarantee Pass!!
Describe the role of ATP in energy metabolism. -ANSWERS-ate releases energy which cells
harness to perform work
Define substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Give examples of each. -
ANSWERS-substrate level is a direct transfer of a phosphate group from a previously
phosphorylated compound to a molecule of adp like creatine or glycolysis oxidative has
different long cycles such as glycolysis to linking step to krebs cycle to electron transport chain
Describe the outcomes of glycolysis. -ANSWERS-glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2P= 2
Pyruvate+2NADH+2H+2ATP
Describe the outcomes of the linking step. -ANSWERS-converts ONE pyruvate (there are 2 in
glycolysis) into- acetyl-CoA, 1NADH, 1CO2
Describe the outcomes of Kreb's cycle . -ANSWERS-Each acetyl CoA from linking step produces-
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2
Describe the complete process of glucose breakdown from glycolysis through the ETC. Account
for all carbons, NADH, CO2, FADH2 and ATP produced and/or consumed. -ANSWERS-Electron
transport chain makes 2.5 ATP/1 NADH, and 1.5 ATP/1 FADH. In total if all pyruvate and acetyl
are taken through (2 and 2), 32 ATP are produced.
Describe the effect of uncoupling proteins on the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. -
ANSWERS-uncoupling proteins release energy from a high energy electron which powers the
process, then the ATP synthase protein uses that energy to generate ATP from ADP. Makes 2.5
and 1.5 ATP/ molecule so efficient
,Explain the general process of fat oxidation. -ANSWERS-fatty acids and triglycerides are
converted to acetyl CoA through beta oxidation, then acetyl is ran through like normal
Explain the importance of lactate dehydrogenase. -ANSWERS-a separate pathway (less
efficient) to produce atp for energy without oxygen present.
Explain the role of chemical, electrical and electrochemical driving forces in the passive
transport of substances across a membrane. -ANSWERS-2 forms of passive transport: simple
diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Simple is through lipid bilayer and channels with a
concentration gradient. Facilitated is a carrier allowing substance to go through regardless of
driving force
Distinguish between passive and active transport -ANSWERS-passive transport (facilitated and
simple) doesn't require energy to do, while active transport (primary and secondary) require
energy to move across and against a gradient
List and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion -ANSWERS-simple: magnitude of
concentration gradient, surface area, permeability.
facilitated: rate of transport of carrier, number of carriers, concentration gradient
Explain the distinction between primary and secondary active transport -ANSWERS-primary:
uses ATP directly to transport
secondary: powered by type of gradient that was produced by primary
Describe how the Na+/K+ pump functions -ANSWERS-sodium and one phosphorous from ATP
enter the pump and it open releasing sodium, and accepting potassium enters into the cell then
the P drops off
Explain why secondary active transport is dependent on primary active transport -ANSWERS-
depends on the gradient made by primary first.
, Describe the concept of homeostasis and how it relates to the regulation of physiological
processes. -ANSWERS-Homeostasis is the relative constant conditions in the internal
environment. Basically keeping the body at constant equilibrium
Explain how negative feedback works and its effect on homeostasis. -ANSWERS-opposes initial
change to the body. sensor, control center, effector
Describe examples of negative feedback in the human body. -ANSWERS-temperature, swelling,
Describe the parts of a negative feedback system (sensor, control center, effector). -ANSWERS-
Sensor senses magnitude of change, control center compares sensors measurement to normal,
effector responds to control center
Explain how positive feedback works and its effect on homeostasis. -ANSWERS-amplifies initial
change
Describe examples of positive feedback in the human body. -ANSWERS-pregnancy, salivation
Describe feed-forward control and give examples -ANSWERS-responses made in anticipation of
change. Salivary gland activates when bell rings for lunch
Define metabolism. -ANSWERS-all the chemical reactions that occur in your body
Explain properties of receptors -ANSWERS-specificity: typically only binds to one type of
messenger
saturable: limited number of spaces means it plateaus
competable: agonist can bind to it and cause a biological response without messenger,
antagonist can bind and cause no response
