TIETZ FUNDAMENTALS OF CLINICAL
CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
149 ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ 2. The study of the genetic variation between individuals in their
ability to metabolize drugs is referred to as: a. pharmacogenetics. b.
molecular diagnostics. c. clinical chemistry. d. epidemiology.
Answer: Answer: a. pharmacogenetics.
◉ 3. When a practitioner in clinical chemistry has an inappropriate
personal relationship with a commercial supplier of medical
supplies and chemistry analyzers, there may be a potential issue
with: a. publication development. b. confidentiality. c. selection of
treatment. d. conflict of interest.
Answer: Answer: d. conflict of interest.
◉ 4. "Molecular testing" involves the clinical analysis of: a. atoms
and molecules. b. nucleic acids. c. cellular components of blood. d.
the physical structure of compounds.
Answer: Answer: b. nucleic acids.
,◉ 5. Which one of the following is not considered an ethical issue
facing a clinical laboratorian? a. Allocation of resources b. Conflicts
of interest c. Discussion of one's salary d. Maintenance of
confidentiality
Answer: Answer: c. Discussion of one's salary.
◉ Question
Answer: Answer
◉ 1. The type of error that occurs when an analytical method is
nonspecific for an analyte and is actually considered to be a type of
bias is: a. systematic error. b. nonsystematic error. c. random error. d.
true error.
Answer: Answer: a. systematic error.
◉ 2. The statistical analysis commonly applied when the results of
analytical method comparison that involves a plot of paired
observations (one from the established method and the other from
the new method) are assessed is: a. uncertainty analysis. b.
traceability analysis. c. regression analysis. d. difference analysis.
Answer: Answer: c. regression analysis.
◉ 3. In the selection of a new method, the first step in selecting a
candidate method is the determination of: a. reliability. b. total
,allowable error. c. specifics of the assay including reagent stability. d.
what is necessary clinically from a laboratory test.
Answer: Answer: b. total allowable error.
◉ 4. To categorize whether a systematic error is either constant or
proportional, one must assume and test for: a. randomness. b.
linearity. c. precision. d. accuracy.
Answer: Answer: b. linearity.
◉ 5. Which one of the following, when stated as an interval around a
reported laboratory result, will specify the location of the true value
with a given probability? a. Traceability b. Coefficient of variation c.
Trueness d. Uncertainty
Answer: Answer: d. Uncertainty.
◉ 6. The closeness of agreement between independent results or
measurements obtained under specific conditions is: a. linearity. b.
precision. c. accuracy. d. specificity.
Answer: Answer: b. precision.
◉ 7. Analytical specificity is: a. the ability of an assay procedure to
determine the concentration of a target analyte in the presence of
interfering substances in the sample matrix. b. the detection limit of
a method. c. the ability of an analytical method to assess small
variations in the concentration of analyte. d. the analyte
, concentration range over which measurements are within the
declared tolerances for imprecision and bias of the method.
Answer: Answer: a. the ability of an assay procedure to determine
the concentration of a target analyte in the presence of interfering
substances in the sample matrix.
◉ 8. In a regression analysis that compares results of two methods,
the y-intercept is calculated to be 2.0 and the slope is 3. This
indicates a(n): a. calibration error. b. uncertainty. c. systematic
difference. d. interference in one method.
Answer: Answer: c. systematic difference.
◉ 9. A type of regression analysis that is used to estimate slope and
intercept and that is acceptant to outlier values in the methods and
does not require assumption of a Gaussian distribution is: a.
weighted Deming regression analysis. b. ordinary least-squares
regression analysis. c. linear regression analysis. d. nonparametric
regression analysis.
Answer: Answer: a. weighted Deming regression analysis.
◉ 10. In a method comparison analysis, the lowest value of an
analyte that significantly exceeds the measurement of a blank
sample is referred to as the: a. limit of detection of a method. b.
analytical sensitivity. c. analytical specificity. d. basic error of a
method.
Answer: Answer: a. limit of detection of a method.
CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
149 ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ 2. The study of the genetic variation between individuals in their
ability to metabolize drugs is referred to as: a. pharmacogenetics. b.
molecular diagnostics. c. clinical chemistry. d. epidemiology.
Answer: Answer: a. pharmacogenetics.
◉ 3. When a practitioner in clinical chemistry has an inappropriate
personal relationship with a commercial supplier of medical
supplies and chemistry analyzers, there may be a potential issue
with: a. publication development. b. confidentiality. c. selection of
treatment. d. conflict of interest.
Answer: Answer: d. conflict of interest.
◉ 4. "Molecular testing" involves the clinical analysis of: a. atoms
and molecules. b. nucleic acids. c. cellular components of blood. d.
the physical structure of compounds.
Answer: Answer: b. nucleic acids.
,◉ 5. Which one of the following is not considered an ethical issue
facing a clinical laboratorian? a. Allocation of resources b. Conflicts
of interest c. Discussion of one's salary d. Maintenance of
confidentiality
Answer: Answer: c. Discussion of one's salary.
◉ Question
Answer: Answer
◉ 1. The type of error that occurs when an analytical method is
nonspecific for an analyte and is actually considered to be a type of
bias is: a. systematic error. b. nonsystematic error. c. random error. d.
true error.
Answer: Answer: a. systematic error.
◉ 2. The statistical analysis commonly applied when the results of
analytical method comparison that involves a plot of paired
observations (one from the established method and the other from
the new method) are assessed is: a. uncertainty analysis. b.
traceability analysis. c. regression analysis. d. difference analysis.
Answer: Answer: c. regression analysis.
◉ 3. In the selection of a new method, the first step in selecting a
candidate method is the determination of: a. reliability. b. total
,allowable error. c. specifics of the assay including reagent stability. d.
what is necessary clinically from a laboratory test.
Answer: Answer: b. total allowable error.
◉ 4. To categorize whether a systematic error is either constant or
proportional, one must assume and test for: a. randomness. b.
linearity. c. precision. d. accuracy.
Answer: Answer: b. linearity.
◉ 5. Which one of the following, when stated as an interval around a
reported laboratory result, will specify the location of the true value
with a given probability? a. Traceability b. Coefficient of variation c.
Trueness d. Uncertainty
Answer: Answer: d. Uncertainty.
◉ 6. The closeness of agreement between independent results or
measurements obtained under specific conditions is: a. linearity. b.
precision. c. accuracy. d. specificity.
Answer: Answer: b. precision.
◉ 7. Analytical specificity is: a. the ability of an assay procedure to
determine the concentration of a target analyte in the presence of
interfering substances in the sample matrix. b. the detection limit of
a method. c. the ability of an analytical method to assess small
variations in the concentration of analyte. d. the analyte
, concentration range over which measurements are within the
declared tolerances for imprecision and bias of the method.
Answer: Answer: a. the ability of an assay procedure to determine
the concentration of a target analyte in the presence of interfering
substances in the sample matrix.
◉ 8. In a regression analysis that compares results of two methods,
the y-intercept is calculated to be 2.0 and the slope is 3. This
indicates a(n): a. calibration error. b. uncertainty. c. systematic
difference. d. interference in one method.
Answer: Answer: c. systematic difference.
◉ 9. A type of regression analysis that is used to estimate slope and
intercept and that is acceptant to outlier values in the methods and
does not require assumption of a Gaussian distribution is: a.
weighted Deming regression analysis. b. ordinary least-squares
regression analysis. c. linear regression analysis. d. nonparametric
regression analysis.
Answer: Answer: a. weighted Deming regression analysis.
◉ 10. In a method comparison analysis, the lowest value of an
analyte that significantly exceeds the measurement of a blank
sample is referred to as the: a. limit of detection of a method. b.
analytical sensitivity. c. analytical specificity. d. basic error of a
method.
Answer: Answer: a. limit of detection of a method.
